Detecting Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Adults with Epilepsy: A Review of Self-Report Measures and Key Predictors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Selection
2.2. Data Extraction and Analysis
2.3. Quality and Level of Evidence
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Adherence Measures
- -
- Adherence Assessment Questionnaire (AAQ) [31], which assesses patient-related factors (e.g., forgetfulness, intentional modifications, and psychosocial stress) and therapy-associated factors (e.g., side effects);
- -
- Epilepsy Self-Management Scale (ESMS) [49], which assesses patient-related factors, therapy-associated factors, and healthcare system factors (e.g., financial problems);
- -
- Knobel Brief Adherence Questionnaire (KBAQ) [24], which assesses patient-related factors (e.g., forgetfulness) and therapy-associated factors (e.g., side effects);
- -
- Malaysian Medication Adherence Scale (MALMAS) [35], which is derived from the MMAS and assesses patient-associated factors (e.g., forgetting and modifying due to an improvement in wellbeing) and therapy-associated factors (e.g., side-effects);
- -
- MARS-5 [47], which assesses patient-related factors to investigate intentional nonadherence
- -
- Medication Compliance Questionnaire (MCQ) [58], which assesses patient-related factors (e.g., forgetfulness and psychosocial stress) and therapy-associated factors (e.g., side-effects);
- -
- Medication Possession Ratio Self-report Questionnaire (MPR) [30], which provides theming of patient-related factors (e.g., forgetting), beliefs about medication, fear of side-effects, and healthcare-related factors (e.g., costs).
3.3. Patient-Related Factors
3.4. Therapy-Associated Factors
3.5. Healthcare System Factors
3.6. Social and Economic Factors
3.7. Disease- and Circumstance-Related Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Self-Reported Reasons for Nonadherence
4.2. Prevalence of Nonadherence
4.3. Limitations of the Review
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO fact sheet epilepsy. In WHO Fact Sheets; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Kwan, P.; Brodie, M.J. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 314–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabaté, E. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- DiMatteo, M.R.; Giordani, P.J.; Lepper, H.S.; Croghan, T.W. Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: A meta-analysis. Med. Care 2002, 40, 794–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haynes, R.B.; Yao, X.; Degani, A.; Kripalani, S.; Garg, A.; McDonald, H.P. Interventions to enhance medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005, 4, 1–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Budnitz, D.S.; Lovegrove, M.C.; Shehab, N.; Richards, C.L. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365, 2002–2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yap, A.F.; Thirumoorthy, T.; Kwan, Y.H. Systematic review of the barriers affecting medication adherence in older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2016, 16, 1093–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, F.; Zhu, G.; Jiao, Z.; Ma, C.; Wang, B. Self-reported adherence in patients with epilepsy who missed their medications and reasons for nonadherence in China. Epilepsy Behav. 2013, 27, 85–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bainbridge, J.L.; Ruscin, J.M. Challenges of Treatment Adherence in Older Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Drug Aging 2009, 26, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osterberg, L.; Blaschke, T. Adherence to medication. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 487–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lane, D.; Lawson, A.; Burns, A.; Azizi, M.; Burnier, M.; Jones, D.J.L.; Kably, B.; Khunti, K.; Kreutz, R.; Patel, P.; et al. Nonadherence in Hypertension: How to Develop and Implement Chemical Adherence Testing. Hypertension 2022, 79, 12–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grosset, K.A.; Bone, I.; Reid, J.L.; Grosset, D. Measuring therapy adherence in Parkinson’s disease: A comparison of methods. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2006, 77, 249–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garfield, S.; Clifford, S.; Eliasson, L.; Barber, N.; Willson, A. Suitability of measures of self-reported medication adherence for routine clinical use: A systematic review. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2011, 11, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Morisky, D.E.; Ang, A.; Krousel-Wood, M.; Ward, H.J. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J. Clin. Hypertens. 2008, 10, 348–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thompson, K.; Kulkarni, J.; Sergejew, A.A. Reliability and validity of a new Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) for the psychoses. Schizophr. Res. 2000, 42, 241–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morisky, D.E.; Green, L.W.; Levine, D.M. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med. Care 1986, 24, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, M.T.; Bussell, J.K. Medication adherence: WHO cares? Mayo Clin. Proc. 2011, 86, 304–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abd Wahab, E.S.; Al Omar, M.; Altabakha, M. Adherence to Antiepileptic Drugs among Patients Attending the Neuro Spinal Hospital in the United Arab Emirates. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2020, 12, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molugulu, N.; Gubbiyappa, K.S.; Vasudeva Murthy, C.R.; Lumae, L.; Mruthyunjaya, A.T. Evaluation of self-reported medication adherence and its associated factors among epilepsy patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. J. Basic Clin. Pharm. 2016, 7, 105–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Henning, O.; Johannessen Landmark, C.; Nakken, K.O.; Lossius, M.I. Nonadherence to treatment regimens in epilepsy from the patient’s perspective and predisposing factors: Differences between intentional and unintentional lack of adherence. Epilepsia 2019, 60, e58–e62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shallcross, A.J.; Becker, D.A.; Singh, A.; Friedman, D.; Jurd, R.; French, J.A.; Devinsky, O.; Spruill, T.M. Psychosocial factors associated with medication adherence in ethnically and socioeconomically diverse patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015, 46, 242–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buck, D.; Jacoby, A.; Baker, G.A.; Chadwick, D.W. Factors influencing compliance with antiepileptic drug regimes. Seizure 1997, 6, 87–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Getnet, A.; Woldeyohannes, S.M.; Bekana, L.; Mekonen, T.; Fekadu, W.; Menberu, M.; Yimer, S.; Assaye, A.; Belete, A.; Belete, H. Antiepileptic Drug Nonadherence and Its Predictors among People with Epilepsy. Behav. Neurol. 2016, 2016, 3189108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chesaniuk, M.; Choi, H.; Wicks, P.; Stadler, G. Perceived stigma and adherence in epilepsy: Evidence for a link and mediating processes. Epilepsy Behav. 2014, 41, 227–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paschal, A.M.; Rush, S.E.; Sadler, T. Factors associated with medication adherence in patients with epilepsy and recommendations for improvement. Epilepsy Behav. 2014, 31, 346–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hovinga, C.A.; Asato, M.R.; Manjunath, R.; Wheless, J.W.; Phelps, S.J.; Sheth, R.D.; Pina-Garza, J.E.; Zingaro, W.M.; Haskins, L.S. Association of non-adherence to antiepileptic drugs and seizures, quality of life, and productivity: Survey of patients with epilepsy and physicians. Epilepsy Behav. 2008, 13, 316–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mroueh, L.; Boumediene, F.; Jost, J.; Ratsimbazafy, V.; Preux, P.M.; Salameh, P.; Al-Hajje, A. Self-reported attitudes about medication in Lebanese people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2019, 98, 80–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durón, R.M.; Medina, M.T.; Nicolás, O.; Varela, F.E.; Ramírez, F.; Battle, S.J.; Thompson, A.; Rodríguez, L.C.; Oseguera, C.; Aguilar-Estrada, R.L.; et al. Adherence and complementary and alternative medicine use among Honduran people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 14, 645–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Chen, C.; Jin, B.; Yang, L.; Ding, Y.; Guo, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wang, S.; Ding, M. The association of psychosocial variables with adherence to antiepileptic drugs in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017, 77, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Xu, R.; Liu, Z.; You, Y.; Meng, F. Factors influencing medication adherence after epilepsy surgery. Epileptic Disord. 2015, 17, 47–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinnaiyan, S.; Narayana, S.; Nanjappa, V.P. Adherence to Antiepileptic Therapy in Adults. J. Neurosci. Rural Pract. 2017, 8, 417–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banks, J.; Varley, J.; Fitzsimons, M.; Doherty, C.P. Self-reported antiepilepsy medication adherence and its connection to perception of medication error. Epilepsy Behav. 2020, 104, 106896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siqueira, H.H.; Dalbem, J.S.; Schiavini, M.; Silva, P.E.; Costa, T.B.P.; Leite, P.; Koeche, B.; Diesel, M.; Scolari, L.P.; Wolf, P.; et al. Self-reported adherence among people with epilepsy in Brazil. Epilepsy Behav. 2020, 103, 106498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Minwuyelet, F.; Mulugeta, H.; Tsegaye, D.; Lake, B.; Getie, A.; Tsegaye, B.; Mullu, G. Quality of life and associated factors among patients with epilepsy at specialized hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia; 2019. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0262814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Junaid Farrukh, M.; Makmor Bakry, M.; Hatah, E.; Hui Jan, T. Medication adherence status among patients with neurological conditions and its association with quality of life. Saudi Pharm. J. 2021, 29, 427–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niriayo, Y.L.; Mamo, A.; Gidey, K.; Demoz, G.T. Medication Belief and Adherence among Patients with Epilepsy. Behav. Neurol. 2019, 2019, 2806341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nakhutina, L.; Gonzalez, J.S.; Margolis, S.A.; Spada, A.; Grant, A. Adherence to antiepileptic drugs and beliefs about medication among predominantly ethnic minority patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011, 22, 584–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.; Liu, Z.; Ding, H.; Yang, X. Adherence to treatment and influencing factors in a sample of Chinese epilepsy patients. Epileptic Disord. 2013, 15, 289–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elsayed, M.A.; El-Sayed, N.M.; Badi, S.; Ahmed, M.H. Factors affecting adherence to antiepileptic medications among Sudanese individuals with epilepsy: A cross-sectional survey. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2019, 8, 2312–2317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhalla, D.; Lotfalinezhad, E.; Amini, F.; Delbari, A.; Fadaye-Vatan, R.; Saii, V.; Gharagozli, K. Medication Beliefs and Adherence to Antiseizure Medications. Neurol. Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 6718915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malek, N.; Heath, C.A.; Greene, J. A review of medication adherence in people with epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2017, 135, 507–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belayneh, Z.; Mekuriaw, B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of anti-epileptic medication non-adherence among people with epilepsy in Ethiopia. Arch. Public Health 2020, 78, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’ Rourke, G.; O’ Brien, J. Identifying the barriers to antiepileptic drug adherence among adults with epilepsy. Seizure 2017, 45, 160–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021, 372, n71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dreyer, N.A.; Schneeweiss, S.; McNeil, B.J.; Berger, M.L.; Walker, A.M.; Ollendorf, D.A.; Gliklich, R.E. GRACE principles: Recognizing high-quality observational studies of comparative effectiveness. Am. J. Manag. Care 2010, 16, 467–471. [Google Scholar]
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Available online: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools (accessed on 10 March 2022).
- Hamedi-Shahraki, S.; Eshraghian, M.; Yekaninejad, M.; Nikoobakht, M.; Rasekhi, A.; Chen, H.; Pakpour, A. Health-related quality of life and medication adherence in elderly patients with epilepsy. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 2019, 53, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, P.; Gupta, K.; Singh, G.; Kaushal, S. Simultaneous Use of Two Different Tools to Assess Compliance with Antiepileptic Drugs: Experience in A Community-Based Study. J. Neurosci. Rural Pract. 2020, 11, 636–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, S.C.; Horne, R.; Chater, A.; Hukins, D.; Smithson, W.H. Patients’ perspectives on antiepileptic medication: Relationships between beliefs about medicines and adherence among patients with epilepsy in UK primary care. Epilepsy Behav. 2014, 31, 312–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mbuba, C.K.; Ngugi, A.K.; Fegan, G.; Ibinda, F.; Muchohi, S.N.; Nyundo, C.; Odhiambo, R.; Edwards, T.; Odermatt, P.; Carter, J.A.; et al. Risk factors associated with the epilepsy treatment gap in Kilifi, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2012, 11, 688–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suzuki, H.; Mikuni, N.; Ohnishi, H.; Yokoyama, R.; Enatsu, R.; Ochi, S. Forgetting to take antiseizure medications is associated with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, as revealed by a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0240082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dayapoğlu, N.; Turan, G.B.; Özer, Z. Evaluation of medication adherence and medication beliefs among patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2021, 124, 108366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, A.; Wang, B.; Zhu, G.; Jiao, Z.; Fang, Y.; Tang, F.; Ma, C.; Zhao, Y.; Cheng, C.; Zhong, M. Validation of Chinese version of the Morisky medication adherence scale in patients with epilepsy. Seizure 2014, 23, 295–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Das, A.M.; Ramamoorthy, L.; Narayan, S.K.; Wadwekar, V. Barriers of Drug Adherence among Patients with Epilepsy: In Tertiary Care Hospital, South India. J. Caring Sci. 2018, 7, 177–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Das, A.M.; Ramamoorthy, L.; Narayan, S.K.; Wadvekar, V.; Harichandrakumar, K.T. Adherence to Antiepileptic Regime: A Cross-sectional Survey. Neurol. India 2020, 68, 856–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, S.C.; Horne, R.; Eade, R.; Balestrini, S.; Rush, J.; Sisodiya, S.M. Applying a perceptions and practicalities approach to understanding nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 2015, 56, 1398–1407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nasir, B.B.; Berha, A.B.; Gebrewold, M.A.; Yifru, Y.M.; Engidawork, E.; Woldu, M.A. Drug therapy problems and treatment satisfaction among ambulatory patients with epilepsy in a specialized hospital in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0227359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teh, K.X.; Henien, N.P.B.; Wong, L.S.; Wong, Z.K.H.; Raja Ismail, R.Z.; Achok, H.N.; Mariapun, J.; Yunos, N.M. A cross-sectional study on the rate of non-adherence to anti-seizure medications and factors associated with non-adherence among patients with epilepsy. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0235674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van de Steeg, N.; Sielk, M.; Pentzek, M.; Bakx, C.; Altiner, A. Drug-adherence questionnaires not valid for patients taking blood-pressure-lowering drugs in a primary health care setting. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2009, 15, 468–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chung, W.W.; Chua, S.S.; Lai, P.S.; Morisky, D.E. The Malaysian Medication Adherence Scale (MALMAS): Concurrent Validity Using a Clinical Measure among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Malaysia. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0124275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doughty, J.; Baker, G.A.; Jacoby, A.; Lavaud, V. Compliance and satisfaction with switching from an immediate-release to sustained-release formulation of valproate in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003, 4, 710–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.U.; Shah, S.; Hameed, T. Barriers to and determinants of medication adherence among hypertensive patients attended National Health Service Hospital, Sunderland. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2014, 6, 104–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prell, T.; Grosskreutz, J.; Mendorf, S.; Franke, G.H.; Witte, O.W.; Kunze, A. Clusters of non-adherence to medication in neurological patients. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2019, 15, 1419–1424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Si, Y.; Hu, J.; Liu, L.; Deng, Y.; He, J.; Zhang, N.M.; Zhou, D. Enhancing medical compliance of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural community: A randomized intervention trial. Epilepsia 2013, 54, 1988–1996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, S.-A.; Yoo, H.-J.; Lee, B.-I. Factors contributing to the stigma of epilepsy. Seizure Eur. J. Epilepsy 2005, 14, 157–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zheng, Y.; Ding, X.; Guo, Y.; Chen, Q.; Wang, W.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, S.; Ding, Y.; Ding, M. Multidisciplinary management improves anxiety, depression, medication adherence, and quality of life among patients with epilepsy in eastern China: A prospective study. Epilepsy Behav. 2019, 100, 106400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandey, A.; Suskin, N.; Patel, T.; Choudhry, N. Lower Educational Levels Maybe an Important Determinant of Adherence to Evidenced-Based Therapies in Post-MI Patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017, 69, 1847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, F.; Zhu, G.; Jiao, Z.; Ma, C.; Chen, N.; Wang, B. The effects of medication education and behavioral intervention on Chinese patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014, 37, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, K.L.; Candrilli, S.D.; Edin, H.M. Prevalence and cost of nonadherence with antiepileptic drugs in an adult managed care population. Epilepsia 2008, 49, 446–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schüz, B.; Wurm, S.; Ziegelmann, J.P.; Warner, L.M.; Tesch-Römer, C.; Schwarzer, R. Changes in functional health, changes in medication beliefs, and medication adherence. Health Psychol. 2011, 30, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haynes, R.; McDonald, H.; Garg, A.; Montague, P. Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2002, 2, 1–50. [Google Scholar]
- Hauser, W.A.; Annegers, J.F.; Kurland, L.T. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia 1993, 34, 453–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keränen, T.; Sillanpää, M.; Riekkinen, P.J. Distribution of seizure types in an epileptic population. Epilepsia 1988, 29, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
n | % | |||
Study design | Observational study | Not specified | 2 | 5.6 |
Cross-sectional | 24 | 66.7 | ||
Longitudinal | 1 | 2.8 | ||
Retrospective | 1 | 2.8 | ||
Community-based | 1 | 2.8 | ||
Not specified | 7 | 19.4 | ||
n | % | |||
Adherence measurement method | MMAS-4 | 8 | 22.2 | |
MMAS-8 | 8 | 22.2 | ||
MARS-10 | 2 | 5.6 | ||
Morisky–Green Test | 2 | 5.6 | ||
Self-designed questionnaires | 9 | 25.0 | ||
Others | 7 | 19.6 | ||
Additional adherence assessment | BMQ | 6 | 16.7 | |
BAQ | 1 | 2.8 | ||
Pill count | 1 | 2.8 | ||
No secondary assessment | 28 | 77.8 | ||
n | % | |||
Statistical method | Multivariate | 23 | 64.3 | |
Group | 10 | 27.8 | ||
Correlation | 2 | 5.6 | ||
Not specified | 1 | 2.8 |
Studies | Min | Max | Mean | SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of publication | 36 | 1997 | 2022 | |||
Number of participants | 36 | 55 | 1182 | 310.6 | 282.2 | |
Proportion of male participants | 32 | 31.5 | 73.9 | 51.1 | 10.0 | |
Age | 29 | 20.9 | 73.9 | 37.3 | 11.3 | |
Epilepsy type | Temporal lobe | 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 |
Focal | 15 | 12.0 | 88.9 | 51.9 | 24.1 | |
Generalized | 17 | 11.1 | 91.4 | 46.0 | 21.2 | |
Distribution of nonadherence (as % of participants) | 28 | 20.7 | 95.4 | 48.0 | 20.7 |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
China | 5 | 13.9 |
USA | 5 | 13.9 |
Ethiopia | 4 | 11.1 |
India | 4 | 11.1 |
Malaysia | 3 | 8.3 |
UK | 3 | 8.3 |
Iran | 2 | 5.6 |
Brazil | 1 | 2.8 |
Honduras | 1 | 2.8 |
Ireland | 1 | 2.8 |
Japan | 1 | 2.8 |
Kenya | 1 | 2.8 |
Lebanon | 1 | 2.8 |
Norway | 1 | 2.8 |
Sudan | 1 | 2.8 |
Turkey | 1 | 2.8 |
United Arab Emirates | 1 | 2.8 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mendorf, S.; Prell, T.; Schönenberg, A. Detecting Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Adults with Epilepsy: A Review of Self-Report Measures and Key Predictors. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154308
Mendorf S, Prell T, Schönenberg A. Detecting Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Adults with Epilepsy: A Review of Self-Report Measures and Key Predictors. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(15):4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154308
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendorf, Sarah, Tino Prell, and Aline Schönenberg. 2022. "Detecting Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Adults with Epilepsy: A Review of Self-Report Measures and Key Predictors" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15: 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154308
APA StyleMendorf, S., Prell, T., & Schönenberg, A. (2022). Detecting Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Adults with Epilepsy: A Review of Self-Report Measures and Key Predictors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(15), 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154308