Blood Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Peripheral Blood Cell Count: Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, and Platelets Count
3. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
4. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
5. Nutritional Status Biomarkers
6. Soluble PD-1/PD-L1
7. Blood Tumor Mutational Burden (bTMB)
8. IDO
9. Cytokines
10. Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC)
11. Exosomes
12. Circulating Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells (MDSC)
13. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarkers | Method of Detection | ||
---|---|---|---|
Soluble PD-L1 | ELISA chemiluminescence | ||
TUMOR-RELATED | Blood TMB | NGS | |
CTC | Enrichment (CellSearch®) detection (IF staining) | ||
Circulating immune cells | Neutrophils | Flow cytometry | |
MDSC | Ultracentrifugation | ||
Exosomes | ExoQuick™ | ||
PATIENT-RELATED | Soluble immune/inflammatory markers | LDH | Spectrophotometry |
CRP | Immunoturbidimetry | ||
IDO | HPLC | ||
CYTOKINES | ELISA chemiluminescence | ||
Nutritional status biomarkers | Albumin | Immunoturbidimetry |
Biomarkers | Limitations | Level of Evidence |
SOLUBLE PD-L1 | Data of predictive role of sPD-L1 are scarce Large-scale trials are needed | VI |
BLOOD TMB | Dependent of overall tumor burden Optimal cut-off remains unsolved | VI |
CTC | Low baseline CTC found in aliquots of 7.5 mL of blood New techniques of detection are needed | VI |
NEUTROPHILS/MDSC | Prospective studies are needed | VI |
EXOSOMES | Standard technologies must be established for the isolation/analysis of exosomes Mechanisms of exosomal miRNA delivery system remain incompletely understood Large-scale trials are needed | VI |
LDH | Optimal cut-off value remain unsolved Large prospective studies are needed | VI |
CRP | Establish optimal CRP ratio Large prospective studies are needed | VI |
IDO | Big prospective studies are needed to confirm its role as predictive biomarker. | VI |
CYTOKINES | Large-scale studies are needed | VI |
ALBUMIN | Best cut-off value remain unsolved Large prospective studies are needed | VI |
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Alfranca, Y.L.; Garcia, M.E.O.; Rueda, A.G.; Ballesteros, P.Á.; Rodríguez, D.R.; Velasco, M.T. Blood Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113245
Alfranca YL, Garcia MEO, Rueda AG, Ballesteros PÁ, Rodríguez DR, Velasco MT. Blood Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(11):3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113245
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfranca, Yolanda Lage, María Eugenia Olmedo Garcia, Ana Gómez Rueda, Pablo Álvarez Ballesteros, Diana Rosero Rodríguez, and Marisa Torres Velasco. 2022. "Blood Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11: 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113245