The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentists in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Procedures
2.2. Survey Instruments
2.3. Sample Size Calculation
- The number of dentists in Germany (n = 70,000).
- A confidence level of 95%.
- A margin of error of 5%.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participation and Sociodemographic Data
3.2. DASS-21 and IES-R Scales and Associated Factors
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 437 | 59.7 | |
Male | 293 | 40 | |
Third Gender | 2 | 0.3 | |
Age | |||
18–49 | 390 | 53.3 | |
50–59 | 231 | 31.6 | |
≥60 | 111 | 15.2 | |
Marital status | |||
Single | 90 | 12.3 | |
Married or in a marriage-like partnership | 604 | 82.5 | |
Divorced, separated, or widowed | 38 | 5.2 | |
Having children | |||
Yes | 490 | 66.9 | |
No | 242 | 33.1 | |
COVID-19 being a personal financial threat | |||
Yes | 449 | 61.3 | |
No | 283 | 38.7 | |
Workplace1 | |||
Dental practice | 698 | 95.4 | |
University clinic | 21 | 2.9 | |
other | 12 | 1.6 | |
Federal state | |||
Hamburg | 12 | 1.6 | |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 17 | 2.3 | |
Schleswig-Holstein | 42 | 5.7 | |
Brandenburg | 11 | 1.5 | |
Berlin | 42 | 5.7 | |
Lower Saxony | 32 | 4.4 | |
Baden-Württemberg | 275 | 37.6 | |
Thuringia | 7 | 1 | |
Hesse | 37 | 5.1 | |
Saarland | 7 | 1 | |
Bavaria | 82 | 11.2 | |
Saxony-Anhalt | 6 | 0.8 | |
Saxony | 19 | 2.6 | |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 117 | 16.0 | |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 26 | 3.6 | |
Smoker | |||
Yes | 62 | 8.5 | |
No | 670 | 91.5 | |
Medical comorbidity2 | |||
Diseases of the cardiovascular system (e.g., coronary heart disease and high blood pressure) | 102 | 13.9 | |
Chronic lung diseases (e.g., COPD) | 19 | 2.6 | |
Chronic liver diseases | 6 | 0.8 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 12 | 1.6 | |
Cancer | 18 | 2.5 | |
Immunodeficiency | 35 | 4.8 |
Mean ± SD | Interquartile Range | ||
---|---|---|---|
DASS-21 (n = 729) 1 | |||
Total | 14.84 ± 12.31 | 17 | |
Depression | 4.88 ± 4.85 | 6 | |
Anxiety | 2.88 ± 3.57 | 5 | |
Stress | 7.08 ± 5.04 | 7 | |
IES-R (n = 727) 1 | |||
Intrusion | 9.12 ± 8.44 | 13 | |
Avoidance | 10.68 ± 8.88 | 14 | |
Hyperarousal | 10.35 ± 8.68 | 13 |
Subscale | Category | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DASS-21 (n = 729) 1 | ||||
Depression | normal | 413 | 56.7 | |
mild | 105 | 14.4 | ||
moderate | 106 | 14.5 | ||
severe | 47 | 6.4 | ||
extremely severe | 58 | 8 | ||
Anxiety | normal | 506 | 69.4 | |
mild | 90 | 12.3 | ||
moderate | 47 | 6.4 | ||
severe | 33 | 4.5 | ||
extremely severe | 53 | 7.3 | ||
Stress | normal | 427 | 58.6 | |
mild | 86 | 11.8 | ||
moderate | 97 | 13.3 | ||
severe | 81 | 11.1 | ||
extremely severe | 38 | 5.2 | ||
IES-R (n = 727) 1 | ||||
Intrusion | normal | 679 | 93.3 | |
mild | 43 | 5.9 | ||
moderate | 6 | 0.8 | ||
severe | 0 | 0 | ||
Avoidance | normal | 651 | 89.5 | |
mild | 68 | 9.4 | ||
moderate | 7 | 1 | ||
severe | 1 | 0.1 | ||
Hyperarousal | normal | 665 | 91.3 | |
mild | 54 | 7.4 | ||
moderate | 9 | 1.2 | ||
severe | 0 | 0 |
DASS-21 Total | DASS-21 Depression | DASS-21 Anxiety | DASS-21 Stress | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Female | 15.05 ± 11.86 | H = 6.75 | 0.03 | 4.71 ± 4.63 | H = 5.01 | 0.08 | 2.99 ± 3.50 | H = 9.53 | 0.01 | 7.35± 4.95 | H = 8.35 | 0.02 |
Male | 14.35 ± 12.84 | 5.07 ± 5.10 | 2.67 ± 3.65 | 6.61 ± 5.11 | ||||||||
Third Gender | 38.00 ± 7.07 | 15.00 ± 0 | 8.50 ± 0.70 | 14.50 ± 6.36 | ||||||||
Posthoc: Dunn-Bonferroni-Test | ||||||||||||
Male-Female | 23.85 | 0.13 | 36.11 | 0.02 | 36.40 | 0.02 | ||||||
Male-Third G | −330.39 | 0.03 | −317.67 | 0.03 | −284.25 | 0.06 | ||||||
Female-Third G | −306.54 | 0.04 | −281.56 | 0.06 | −247.85 | 0.10 | ||||||
Age | ||||||||||||
18–49 | 14.70 ± 11.93 | H = 7.45 | 0.02 | 4.71 ± 4.73 | H = 4.23 | 0.12 | 2.86 ± 3.44 | H = 4.01 | 0.14 | 7.13 ± 4.97 | H = 10.59 | 0.01 |
50–59 | 16.16 ± 12.99 | 5.40 ± 5.12 | 3.17 ± 3.83 | 7.60 ± 5.16 | ||||||||
≥60 | 12.49 ± 11.91 | 4.36 ± 4.63 | 2.35 ± 3.41 | 5.78 ± 4.82 | ||||||||
Posthoc: Dunn-Bonferroni-Test | ||||||||||||
≥60 - 18–49 | 48.04 | 0.11 | 61.40 | 0.02 | ||||||||
≥60 - 50–59 | 66.62 | 0.02 | 78.44 | 0 | ||||||||
18–49 - 50–59 | −18.57 | 0.29 | −17.05 | 0.99 | ||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 13.98 ± 11.65 | H = 0.30 | 0.86 | 4.68 ± 4.60 | H = 0.10 | 0.95 | 2.52 ± 3.29 | H = 1.21 | 0.54 | 6.78 ± 4.86 | 0.29 | 0.87 |
Married or in a marriage-like partnership | 14.91 ± 12.33 | 4.87 ± 4.84 | 2.93 ± 3.63 | 7.11 ± 5.03 | ||||||||
Divorced, separated, or widowed | 15.70 ± 13.69 | 5.57 ± 5.59 | 2.89 ± 3.19 | 7.24 ± 5.66 | ||||||||
Having children | ||||||||||||
Yes | 14.52 ± 12.01 | U = 60,853 | 0.47 | 4.63 ± 4.61 | U = 63,074 | 0.12 | 2.84 ± 3.60 | U = 60,514.50 | 0.54 | 7.04 ± 4.99 | U = 59,231 | 0.91 |
No | 15.47 ± 12.89 | 5.37 ± 5.27 | 2.95 ± 3.51 | 7.14 ± 5.14 | ||||||||
COVID-19 being a personal financial threat | ||||||||||||
Yes | 18.46 ± 12.68 | U = 33,639 | 0 | 6.20 ± 5.08 | U = 35,374.50 | 0 | 3.69 ± 3.87 | U = 40,350 | 0 | 8.56 ± 5.05 | U = 34,606.50 | 0 |
No | 9.13 ± 9.15 | 2.79 ± 3.58 | 1.60 ± 2.56 | 4.74 ± 4.04 | ||||||||
Workplace (Multiple Choice) | ||||||||||||
Dental practice | 15.03 ± 12.24 | U = 15,076 | 0.01 | 4.92 ± 4.81 | U = 13,960 | 0.07 | 2.89 ± 3.54 | U = 13,646 | 0.12 | 7.21 ± 5.04 | U = 16,018 | 0 |
University clinic | 6.29 ± 7.86 | U = 3867 | 0 | 2.05 ± 2.77 | U = 4652 | 0 | 1.57 ± 3.06 | U = 5057 | 0.01 | 2.67 ± 2.42 | U = 3289.50 | 0 |
other | 16.75 ± 15.70 | U = 4400.50 | 0.89 | 6.42 ± 6.64 | U = 4842.50 | 0.45 | 3.75 ± 4.71 | U = 4590 | 0.68 | 6.58 ± 5.35 | U = 4069.50 | 0.74 |
Federal state | ||||||||||||
Hamburg | 12.17 ± 8.08 | H = 18.38 | 0.19 | 4.50 ± 3.45 | H = 13.79 | 0.47 | 2.08 ± 1.93 | H = 20.93 | 0.10 | 5.58 ± 4.19 | H = 23.02 | 0.06 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 9.82 ± 12.81 | 4.18 ± 5.33 | 1.53 ± 3.06 | 4.12 ± 4.91 | ||||||||
Schleswig-Holstein | 11.90 ± 12.32 | 3.83 ± 4.49 | 2.51 ± 3.65 | 5.56 ± 5.09 | ||||||||
Brandenburg | 16.09 ± 9.19 | 6.09 ± 4.13 | 2.45 ± 2.51 | 7.55 ± 3.42 | ||||||||
Berlin | 13.40 ± 12.35 | 4.14 ± 4.31 | 2.74 ± 3.92 | 6.52 ± 4.94 | ||||||||
Lower Saxony | 13.12 ± 12.71 | 4.97 ± 5.50 | 1.97 ± 3.47 | 6.19 ± 4.94 | ||||||||
Baden-Württemberg | 15.30 ± 12.21 | 4.75 ± 4.68 | 2.96 ± 3.56 | 7.58 ± 5.09 | ||||||||
Thuringia | 14.14 ± 17.83 | 4.29 ± 6.16 | 3.71 ± 4.79 | 6.14 ± 7.24 | ||||||||
Hesse | 16.64 ± 12.82 | 5.89 ± 5.18 | 3.42 ± 3.64 | 7.33 ± 5.05 | ||||||||
Saarland | 20.29 ± 22.77 | 7.43 ± 8.58 | 5.43 ± 7.79 | 7.43 ± 6.88 | ||||||||
Bavaria | 14.21 ± 11.91 | 4.84 ± 5.01 | 2.79 ± 3.22 | 6.57 ± 4.97 | ||||||||
Saxony-Anhalt | 18.00 ± 12.28 | 5.50 ± 4.59 | 3.67 ± 2.25 | 8.83 ± 6.15 | ||||||||
Saxony | 12.00 ± 9.33 | 3.53 ± 3.79 | 2.11 ± 3.04 | 6.37 ± 3.83 | ||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | 16.69 ± 12.47 | 5.55 ± 5.08 | 3.39 ± 3.64 | 7.75 ± 5.07 | ||||||||
Rhineland-Palatinate | 14.19 ± 11.52 | 5.08 ± 4.93 | 2.08 ± 3.32 | 7.04 ± 4.37 | ||||||||
Smoker | ||||||||||||
Yes | 14.40 ± 12.17 | U = 21,121 | 0.78 | 4.77 ± 4.56 | U = 20,902.50 | 0.89 | 2.82 ± 3.80 | U = 21,417 | 0.63 | 6.81 ± 4.86 | U = 21,280 | 0.70 |
No | 14.88 ± 12.33 | 4.89 ± 4.88 | 2.89 ± 3.55 | 7.10 ± 5.05 | ||||||||
Medical comorbidity (Multiple Choice) | ||||||||||||
No medical comorbidities | 14.24 ± 12.07 | 4.65 ± 4.75 | 2.68 ± 3.44 | 6.90 ± 5.03 | ||||||||
Diseases of the cardiovascular system (e.g., coronary heart disease and high blood pressure) | 16.75 ± 13.43 | U = 34,782 | 0.16 | 5.64 ± 5.27 | U = 34,684.50 | 0.17 | 3.63 ± 4.08 | U = 35,670.50 | 0.06 | 7.49 ± 5.18 | U = 33,574.50 | 0.42 |
Chronic lung diseases (e.g., COPD) | 14.11 ± 9.53 | U = 6882.50 | 0.88 | 4.26 ± 3.54 | U = 6628 | 0.90 | 2.95 ± 2.92 | U = 7072.50 | 0.71 | 6.89 ± 4.38 | U = 6811.50 | 0.94 |
Chronic liver diseases | 22.50 ± 12.19 | U = 2999.50 | 0.11 | 8.83 ± 4.22 | U = 3303 | 0.03 | 4.33 ± 4.13 | U = 2611 | 0.39 | 9.33 ± 4.76 | U = 2786 | 0.23 |
Diabetes mellitus | 19.17 ± 14.03 | U = 5115.50 | 0.26 | 7.00 ± 5.86 | U = 5180.50 | 0.22 | 3.17 ± 3.33 | U = 4650.50 | 0.62 | 9.00 ± 6.27 | U = 4978.50 | 0.35 |
Cancer | 13.67 ± 10.45 | U = 6291 | 0.90 | 4.44 ± 3.62 | U = 6478.50 | 0.93 | 2.56 ± 3.52 | U = 6206 | 0.82 | 6.67 ± 4.42 | U = 6175.50 | 0.80 |
Immunodeficiency | 19.14 ± 12.61 | U = 15014 | 0.02 | 6.80 ± 5.21 | U = 15,352.50 | 0.01 | 4.14 ± 4.02 | U = 14791 | 0.03 | 8.20 ± 4.32 | U = 14,088.50 | 0.11 |
IES-R Intrusion | IES-R Avoidance | IES-R Hyperarousal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-Value | |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 9.74 ± 8.36 | H = 13.18 | 0.001 | 11.74 ± 9.12 | H = 17.51 | 0 | 10.87 ± 8.64 | 9.59 | 0.01 |
Male | 8.12 ± 8.44 | 9.07 ± 8.26 | 9.48 ± 8.65 | ||||||
Third Gender | 20.00 ± 9.90 | 15.50 ± 12.02 | 22.50 ± 3.54 | ||||||
Posthoc: Dunn-Bonferroni-Test | |||||||||
Male-Female | 51.60 | 0.001 | 65.27 | 0 | 39.10 | 0.01 | |||
Male-Third G | −271.90 | 0.07 | −165.01 | 0.27 | −304.00 | 0.04 | |||
Female-Third G | −220.30 | 0.14 | −99.74 | 0.50 | −264.90 | 0.08 | |||
Age | |||||||||
18–49 | 8.59 ± 8.21 | H = 6.78 | 0.03 | 10.69 ± 8.78 | H = 4.52 | 0.10 | 9.88 ± 8.48 | H = 9.76 | 0.01 |
50–59 | 10.38 ± 8.92 | 11.38 ± 9.14 | 11.78 ± 9.05 | ||||||
≥60 | 8.35 ± 7.97 | 9.23 ± 8.60 | 9.04 ± 8.24 | ||||||
Posthoc: Dunn-Bonferroni-Test | |||||||||
≥60 - 18–49 | 0.62 | 0.98 | 19.53 | 0.39 | |||||
≥60 - 50–59 | 44.07 | 0.07 | 65.57 | 0.02 | |||||
18–49 - 50–59 | −43.45 | 0.04 | −46.04 | 0.03 | |||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 7.08 ± 7.32 | H = 5.45 | 0.07 | 10.13 ± 8.63 | H = 1.41 | 0.50 | 8.89 ± 7.50 | H = 2.34 | 0.31 |
Married or in a marriage-like partnership | 9.37 ± 8.46 | 10.85 ± 8.95 | 10.61 ± 8.82 | ||||||
Divorced, separated, or widowed | 10.03 ± 10.15 | 9.34 ± 8.38 | 9.76 ± 8.93 | ||||||
Having children | |||||||||
Yes | 9.01 ± 8.38 | U = 59,615 | 0.69 | 10.33 ± 8.62 | U = 61,854 | 0.20 | 10.33 ± 8.58 | U = 58,065 | 0.85 |
No | 9.34 ± 8.57 | 11.41 ± 9.37 | 10.38 ± 8.89 | ||||||
COVID-19 being a personal financial threat | |||||||||
Yes | 11.53 ± 8.69 | U = 34,886.50 | 0 | 12.82 ± 9.00 | U = 39,615 | 0 | 13.00 ± 8.83 | U = 33,329 | 0 |
No | 5.33 ± 6.41 | 7.34 ± 7.58 | 6.18 ± 6.55 | ||||||
Workplace (Multiple Choice) | |||||||||
Dental practice | 9.26 ± 8.42 | U = 14,933.50 | 0.01 | 10.79 ± 8.88 | U = 13,820 | 0.09 | 10.54 ± 8.66 | U = 15,584 | 0 |
University clinic | 4.38 ± 6.31 | U = 4531.50 | 0 | 7.43 ± 8.07 | U = 5633 | 0.06 | 4.10 ± 5.22 | U = 3917.50 | 0 |
other | 6.50 ± 8.95 | U = 3239 | 0.14 | 7.83 ± 8.64 | U = 3388 | 0.21 | 8.58 ± 9.90 | U = 3553.50 | 0.30 |
Federal state | |||||||||
Hamburg | 8.00 ± 7.84 | H = 14.29 | 0.43 | 10.42 ± 7.23 | H = 16.88 | 0.26 | 9.58 ± 7.85 | H = 17.92 | 0.21 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 5.53 ± 6.75 | 6.24 ± 7.09 | 5.88 ± 7.80 | ||||||
Schleswig-Holstein | 8.43 ± 8.07 | 9.14 ± 7.05 | 8.71 ± 9.35 | ||||||
Brandenburg | 9.36 ± 10.31 | 10.18 ± 11.07 | 9.64 ± 8.63 | ||||||
Berlin | 8.83 ± 9.01 | 11.32 ± 9.94 | 9.24 ± 8.78 | ||||||
Lower Saxony | 10.75 ± 10.28 | 9.53 ± 7.83 | 8.66 ± 8.25 | ||||||
Baden-Württemberg | 9.31 ± 8.35 | 10.90 ± 9.15 | 11.00 ± 8.62 | ||||||
Thuringia | 6.29 ± 9.46 | 8. 71 ± 12.33 | 10.00 ± 11.21 | ||||||
Hesse | 9.76 ± 8.43 | 10.30 ± 7.54 | 10.03 ± 7.94 | ||||||
Saarland | 9.43 ± 9.61 | 7.57 ± 7.48 | 11.29 ± 12.45 | ||||||
Bavaria | 8.26 ± 8.28 | 10.35 ± 9.37 | 9.93 ± 8.77 | ||||||
Saxony-Anhalt | 7.83 ± 6.56 | 14.00 ± 5.73 | 13.33 ± 6.71 | ||||||
Saxony | 5.89 ± 7.21 | 7.84 ± 8.07 | 9.26 ± 8.68 | ||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | 10.01 ± 8.62 | 12.14 ± 8.94 | 11.72 ± 9.07 | ||||||
Rhineland-Palatinate | 10.58 ± 7.51 | 12.35± 8.98 | 9.12 ± 6.44 | ||||||
Smoker | |||||||||
Yes | 9.00 ± 8.34 | U = 20,444 | 0.95 | 10.41 ± 8.38 | U = 20,551.50 | 0.88 | 10.49 ± 8.28 | U = 19,770.50 | 0.72 |
No | 9.13 ± 8.46 | 10.71 ± 8.93 | 10.34 ± 8.72 | ||||||
Medical comorbidity (Multiple Choice) | |||||||||
No medical comorbidities | 8.85 ± 8.29 | 10.77 ± 8.88 | 10.00 ± 8.55 | ||||||
Diseases of the cardiovascular system (e.g., coronary heart disease and high blood pressure) | 9.34 ± 8.76 | U = 31,913 | 0.90 | 9.37 ± 8.14 | U = 28,785 | 0.15 | 11.18 ± 9.10 | U = 33,471 | 0.36 |
Chronic lung diseases (e.g., COPD) | 10.84 ± 8.24 | U = 7758.50 | 0.26 | 11.37 ± 9.35 | U = 7073.50 | 0.70 | 9.95 ± 6.39 | U = 6952.50 | 0.81 |
Chronic liver diseases | 15.00 ± 10.47 | U = 2909 | 0.15 | 15.67 ± 9.42 | U = 2895.50 | 0.15 | 16.83 ± 8.52 | U = 3140.50 | 0.06 |
Diabetes mellitus | 9.50 ± 9.60 | U = 4349.50 | 0.94 | 10.25 ± 9.10 | U = 4180.50 | 0.88 | 12.67 ± 10.27 | U = 4853.50 | 0.44 |
Cancer | 11.44 ± 9.35 | U = 7469 | 0.22 | 10.83 ± 7.58 | U = 6770.50 | 0.66 | 12.11 ± 9.27 | U = 7188.50 | 0.36 |
Immunodeficiency | 11.34 ± 9.58 | U = 13,991 | 0.12 | 13.23 ± 10.49 | U = 13,822.50 | 0.16 | 13.20 ± 9.84 | U = 14,320 | 0.07 |
B | SE | β | T | p | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DASS-21 Total | ||||||
Gender 1 | −0.04 | 0.88 | −0 | −0.04 | 0.97 | −1.76; 1.69 |
Age 2 | −0.87 | 0.60 | −0.05 | −1.45 | 0.15 | −2.04; 0.31 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −9.05 | 0.89 | 0.36 | −10.20 | 0 | −10.79; −7.31 |
Workplace: Dental practice 4 | −1.74 | 3.21 | −0.03 | −0.54 | 0.59 | −8.03; 4.56 |
Workplace: University clinic 4 | −5.54 | 4.08 | 0.08 | −1.36 | 0.18 | −13.56; 2.48 |
Medical comorbidity: Immunodeficiency 4 | 3.94 | 1.98 | 0.07 | 1.99 | 0.05 | 0.05; 7.83 |
DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −3.29 | 0.35 | −0.33 | −9.30 | 0 | −3.98; −2.59 |
Workplace: University clinic 4 | −0.98 | 1.03 | 0.03 | −0.96 | 0.34 | −3.00; 1.03 |
Medical comorbidity: Chronic liver diseases 4 | 2.76 | 1.87 | 0.05 | 1.48 | 0.14 | −0.91; 6.43 |
Medical comorbidity: Immunodeficiency 4 | 1.79 | 0.79 | 0.08 | 2.27 | 0.02 | 0.24; 3.33 |
DASS-21 Anxiety | ||||||
Gender 1 | −0.23 | 0.26 | 0.03 | −0.92 | 0.36 | −0.73; 0.27 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −2.07 | 0.27 | −0.28 | −7.81 | 0 | −2.59; −1.55 |
Workplace: University clinic4 | −0.12 | 0.77 | −0.01 | −0.15 | 0.88 | −1.63; 1.40 |
Medical comorbidity: Immunodeficiency 4 | 1.16 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 1.95 | 0.05 | −0.01; 2.32 |
DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Gender 1 | −0.44 | 0.35 | −0.04 | −1.23 | 0.22 | −1.14; 0.26 |
Age 2 | −0.51 | 0.24 | −0.07 | −2.09 | 0.04 | −0.99; −0.03 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −3.70 | 0.36 | −0.36 | −10.25 | 0 | −4.41; −2.99 |
Workplace: Dental practice 4 | 0.99 | 1.31 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 0.45 | −1.57; 3.56 |
Workplace: University clinic 4 | −1.54 | 1.66 | −0.05 | −0.92 | 0.36 | −4.80; 1.73 |
IES-R Intrusion | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender 1 | −1.57 | 0.61 | −0.09 | 2.59 | 0.01 | −2.76; −0.38 |
Age 2 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.39 | −0.45; 1.16 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −6.14 | 0.61 | −0.36 | −10.05 | 0 | −7.34; −4.94 |
Workplace: Dental practice 4 | 0.67 | 2.21 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.76 | −3.67; 5 |
Workplace: University clinic 4 | −0.35 | 2.81 | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.90 | −5.87; 5.17 |
IES-R Avoidance | ||||||
Gender 1 | −2.59 | 0.63 | −0.15 | −4.13 | 0 | −3.82; −1.36 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −5.52 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 8.65 | 0 | −6.77; −4.27 |
IES-R Hyperarousal | ||||||
Gender 1 | −1.21 | 0.62 | −0.07 | −1.96 | 0.05 | −2.42; 0 |
Age 2 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0 | 0.10 | 0.92 | −0.78; 0.86 |
COVID-19 being personal financial threat 3 | −6.68 | 0.62 | −0.38 | −10.74 | 0 | −0.79; −5.46 |
Workplace: Dental practice 4 | 1.20 | 2.25 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.59 | −3.22; 5.61 |
Workplace: University clinic 4 | −1.22 | 2.86 | −0.02 | 0.43 | 0.67 | −6.84; 4.40 |
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Mekhemar, M.; Attia, S.; Dörfer, C.; Conrad, J. The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentists in Germany. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051008
Mekhemar M, Attia S, Dörfer C, Conrad J. The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentists in Germany. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(5):1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051008
Chicago/Turabian StyleMekhemar, Mohamed, Sameh Attia, Christof Dörfer, and Jonas Conrad. 2021. "The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentists in Germany" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5: 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051008