Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Sample
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.3. Perineal Self-Massage Intervention
2.4. Perineal Massage Intervention
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Regression Analysis: Determinants in Perineal Tear
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 90) | Control (n = 30) | Self-Massage (n = 30) | Massage (n = 30) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 32.7 ± 3.9 | 31.4 ± 4.4 a,b | 33.2 ± 3 a | 33.6 ± 3.8 b |
Height (cm) | 163.8 ± 6 | 163.2 ± 5.8 | 164 ± 5.2 | 164.2 ± 6.9 |
Weight (kg) | 57.9 ± 7.9 | 58 ± 8.6 | 59 ± 8.5 | 56.7 ± 6.3 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 2.7 | 21.7 ± 2.6 | 21.9 ± 2.7 | 21.2 ± 2.8 |
Weight gain (kg) | 12 ± 4.1 | 12.3 ± 4.5 | 12.4 ± 4.1 | 11.3 ± 3.7 |
Deliveries (n°) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 |
Labour week (n°) | 39.3 ± 1.8 | 38.8 ± 2.4 | 39.6 ± 1.5 | 39.4 ± 1.3 |
Baby weight (kg) | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.3 |
Duration of labour (hours) | 10.7 ± 7.9 | 9.6 ± 6.6 | 12.8 ± 9.1 | 10 ± 7.9 |
Perineal pain (points) | 2 ± 2.5 | 2.8 ± 3 b | 2.3 ± 2.5 c | 1 ± 1.5 b,c |
All (n = 90) | Control (n = 30) | Self-Massage (n = 30) | Massage (n = 30) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Episiotomy | 37 (41.1) | 20 (66.7) | 14 (46.7) | 3 (10) |
Perineal tear | ||||
No | 55 (61.1) | 18 (60) | 21 (70) | 22 (73.4) |
Mild | 29 (32.2) | 8 (26.7) | 7 (23.3) | 7 (23.3) |
Moderate/severe | 6 (6.7) | 4 (13.3) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.3) |
Position | ||||
Lithotomy | 69 (76.7) | 27 (90.1) | 24 (80) | 18 (60.1) |
Sideways | 5 (5.6) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (10) | 1 (3.3) |
Sit/squat | 13 (14.4) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.7) | 10 (33.3) |
Standing | 3 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) |
Instrumental | ||||
No | 72 (80) | 20 (66.7) | 25 (83.3) | 27 (90) |
Vacuum | 11 (12.2) | 6 (20) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (10) |
Forceps | 7 (7.8) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) |
Analgesia | ||||
No | 19 (21.1) | 6 (20) | 5 (16.7) | 8 (26.7) |
Local | 2 (2.2) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) |
Epidural | 69 (76.7) | 23 (76.7) | 24 (80) | 22 (73.3) |
Variable | Mild Tear | Moderate/Severe Tear | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
Massage group | ||||
Control | 1 | 1 | ||
Self-massage | 2.22 | 0.68–7.25 | 0.89 ** | 0.68–9.63 |
Massage | 0.25 * | 0.02–10.32 | 0.34 ** | 0.13–7.82 |
Weight gain | ||||
<10 | 1 | 1 | ||
11–15 kg | 1.78 | 0.67–4.73 | 0.35 | 0.02–3.71 |
16–20 kg | 0.95 | 0.21–4.27 | 0.88 | 0.08–8.98 |
21–25 kg | 1.27 | 0.1–15.5 | 2.13 | 0.02–9.36 |
Delivery position | ||||
Lithotomy | 1 | 1 | ||
Sideways | 1.65 | 0.25–10.67 | 3.98 | 2.36–9.36 |
Sit/squat | 2.12 | 0.63–7.14 | 4.28 | 0.69–12.37 |
Standing | 4.95 | 4.23–57.9 | 5.23 | 4.63–11.68 |
Analgesia | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Local | 1.11 | 0.06–20.48 | 3.75 | 1.69–8.31 |
Epidural | 0.45 | 0.16–1.28 | 1.06 | 0.11–10.12 |
Instrumental | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Vacuum | 0.38 | 0.07–1.88 | 4.4 | 0.64–30.4 |
Forceps | 0.34 | 0.08–1.88 | 1.88 | 0.45–16.35 |
Episiotomy | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 0.4 | 0.06–1.96 | 1.4 | 0.02–13.54 |
Massage group | 0.48 * | 0.01–3.14 | 0.53 ** | 0.26–8.35 |
Weight gain | 1.11 | 0.64–1.91 | 0.67 | 0.2–2.26 |
Delivery position | 1.54 | 0.93–2.53 | 2.2 | 0.36–6.32 |
Analgesia | 0.67 | 0.4–1.12 | 1.05 | 0.33–3.31 |
Instrumental | 0.56 | 0.25–1.25 | 0.88 | 0.26–3 |
Episiotomy | 0.49 | 0.36–1.68 | 0.59 | 0.26–2.69 |
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Álvarez-González, M.; Leirós-Rodríguez, R.; Álvarez-Barrio, L.; López-Rodríguez, A.F. Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4934. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214934
Álvarez-González M, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Álvarez-Barrio L, López-Rodríguez AF. Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(21):4934. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214934
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvarez-González, María, Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez, Lorena Álvarez-Barrio, and Ana F. López-Rodríguez. 2021. "Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21: 4934. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214934