Membrane Bioprocesses for Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Removal from Waters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Chemical | WWTP Effluents | Surface waters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Municipal | Hospital | Industrial | ||
Ibuprofen | [3,8,12,15,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] | [33,34,36] | [37] | [3,6,8,28,30,38,39,40,41,42] |
Erythromycin | [3,7,15,29,32,34,40,43,44,45,46] | [34] | [37] | [3,6,7,39,46,47,48,49] |
Sulfamethoxazole | [2,3,7,8,15,26,27,28,29,30,32,33,34,40,43,46,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] | [33,34,50,55] | [37] | [2,3,6,7,8,28,30,38,39,40,41,46,47,48,49,50,57,58] |
Tetracycline | [3,7,15,29,44,51,52,53,56,59,60,61] | [33,34,59,61] | [9,37,59] | [3,6,7,9,38,39,48,59,61] |
Carbamazepine | [2,3,8,15,26,27,28,29,32,34,40,62] | [34] | [37] | [2,3,8,28,38,39,40,41,42,62] |
17α-estradiol | [3,8,29,36,63] | [36] | [8,63] | |
17α-ethinylestradiol | [3,8,29,32,63,64] | [37] | [8,39,63,64] | |
17β-estradiol | [3,8,29,32,45,63,64,65] | [33] | [37] | [8,63,64,65] |
2. Biological Treatments
3. Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
4. Enzymatic Treatments
4.1. Biocatalysts
4.2. Enzymatic Reactors
5. Enzymatic Membrane Reactors (EMRs)
5.1. Enzymatic Reactor Coupled to a Membrane Unit
Enzymes | Membrane Type | Reactor Type | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laccase from C. bulleri | PAN UF membrane 20 kDa | CSTR | Degradation of triarylmethane dyes | [168] |
Tyrosinase | PES UF membrane 30 kDa | CSTR | Degradation of polyphenols | [167] |
Laccase from T. versicolor | PS UF Membrane 10 kDa | CSTR | Degradation of dyes | [172] |
laccase from M. thermophila | PES UF membrane 10 kDa | CSTR | Degradation of estrogen | [157] |
Laccase and HRP | Flat sheet polymeric NF membranes | CSTR | Degradation of BPA | [170] |
Laccase from A. oryzae | 6 kDa polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber membrane | Membrane submerged in the reactor | Degradation of BPA and diclofenac | [171] |
Membrane submerged in the reactor; GAC was added | Degradation of carbamazepine, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole and atrazine | [162] |
5.2. The Genuine Enzymatic Membrane Reactor
Type of immobilization | Enzymes | Membrane Types | Immobilization Types | Applications (removal of) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrapment | Crude enzyme extract of Pseudomonas sp. | Flat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) UF membrane | Entrapment within membrane by mixing the enzymes with casting solution | phenols | [198] |
Laccase from P. oryzae | Spira-cel spiral wound module with a polyethersulfone membrane | Entrapment within membrane by filtration | phenols | [199] | |
Laccase and horseradish peroxidase | Polypropylene hollow fiber membrane (0.2 µm) | Entrapment within membrane by filtration | hydroxylated aromatic compounds | [200] | |
Laccase from Trametes versicolor | TiO2 blended polyethersulfone (PES) membranes and TiO2 sol-gel coated PVDF membranes (0.1 and 0.45 µm) | Adsorption or covalent bonding on TiO2 nanoparticle | Bisphenol A (BPA) | [192,201] | |
Membrane attachment | Polyphenol oxidase | 0.45 µm flat nylon membrane and polysulfone capillary membrane | Adsorption with glutaraldehyde cross-linking | phenols | [202] |
Polyethersulfone and polysulfone capillary membranes | Adsorption | phenols | [203,204] | ||
Polyethersulfone capillary membranes and hydrophilic nylon flat-sheet membranes | Adsorption or adsorption with glutaraldehyde cross-linking | p-cresol | [205] | ||
Crude enzyme extract of Pseudomonas syringae | Flat polyamide membrane (0.2 µm) | Covalent bonding | phenol and catechol | [193] | |
Horseradish peroxidase | Flat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) UF membrane | Adsorption and covalent bonding | phenol | [206] | |
Laccase from Trametes versicolor | Flat modified PVDF microfiltration membrane | Covalent bonding | phenols | [207] | |
Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nanofibrous membranes | Covalent bonding | 2,4-dichlorophenol | [156] | ||
α-alumina membrane (0.2 and 1.4 µm) | Covalent bonding | phenols | [128] | ||
tetracycline | [197] |
Biological Treatment | Advantages | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|
Membrane reactor with free enzymes | Homogeneous mixing In some cases higher enzymatic activity than grafted enzymes | Less stability than with grafted enzymes |
Packed-bed reactor with grafted enzymes | Biocatalyst recycling | Pressure drop Preferential pathways In some cases lower enzymatic activity than free enzymes Possibly diffusion limitations (internal and external) |
Fluidized-bed reactor with grafted enzymes | Biocatalyst recycling Pressure drops reduced Better homogeneity | Additional energy cost (gas) In some cases lower enzymatic activity than free enzymes Possible diffusion limitations (internal) |
Enzymatic membrane reactor | Biocatalyst recycling Decrease of diffusion limitations Separation and reaction take place simultaneously | Membrane clogging In some lower enzymatic activity than free enzymes In some cases lower enzymatic activity than free enzymes Limited loading of enzymes |
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Authors Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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De Cazes, M.; Abejón, R.; Belleville, M.-P.; Sanchez-Marcano, J. Membrane Bioprocesses for Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Removal from Waters. Membranes 2014, 4, 692-729. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4040692
De Cazes M, Abejón R, Belleville M-P, Sanchez-Marcano J. Membrane Bioprocesses for Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Removal from Waters. Membranes. 2014; 4(4):692-729. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4040692
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Cazes, Matthias, Ricardo Abejón, Marie-Pierre Belleville, and José Sanchez-Marcano. 2014. "Membrane Bioprocesses for Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Removal from Waters" Membranes 4, no. 4: 692-729. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4040692