Mechanism of HMBR in Reducing Membrane Fouling under Different SRT: Effect of Sludge Load on Microbial Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Raw Water Quality
2.3. Test Method
2.4. Analytical Method
- (1)
- DNA extraction. The DNA was extracted from the samples using the MoBio PowerSoil DNA extraction kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
- (2)
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes was performed using general bacterial primers 515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′) and 926R (5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTGAGTTT-3′). The primers also contained the Illumina 5’overhang adapter sequences for two-step amplicon library building.
- (3)
- Miseq HTS. The barcoded PCR products were purified using a DNA gel extraction kit (Axygen, Shanghai, China) and quantified using the FTC-3000 TM real-time PCR. The libraries were sequenced by 2 × 300 bp paired-end sequencing on the MiSeq platform using MiSeq v3 Reagent Kit (Illumina) at TinyGene Bio-Tech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China.
- (4)
- Bioinformatic analysis. The raw fastq files were demultiplexed based on the barcode. Paired-end (PE) reads for all samples were run through Trimmomatic (version 0.35) to remove low-quality base pairs. Trimmed reads were then merged using FLASH program (version 1.2.11). The low quality contigs were removed based on screen.seqs command in mothur (version 1.33.3). The cleaned reads were clustered at 97% sequence identity into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using the UPARSE pipeline (usearch version v8.1.1756). The OTU representative sequences were assigned for taxonomy against Silva 128 database by the classify.seqs command in mothur. Taxonomies (from phylum to species) of the OTUs were determined according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Based on the taxonomy, the statistical analysis of community structure was carried out at the level of phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Effect of SRT on HMBR Treatment Efficacy
3.2. Effect of SRT on EPS Distribution Characteristics
3.3. Effect of SRT on Membrane Fouling
3.4. Effect of SRT on Microbial Community Structure
3.5. Effect of SRT on Microbial Alpha Diversity
3.6. Mechanism of SRT Action on Membrane Fouling in HMBR
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Description | Average |
---|---|---|
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (mg/L) | 257–386 | 286 |
Biochemical oxygen demand 5-day test (BOD5) (mg/L) | 95–145 | 103 |
Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) (mg/L) | 36.5–47.9 | 41.3 |
Total nitrogen (TN) (mg/L) | 48.3–53.3 | 50.8 |
Total phosphorus (TP) (mg/L) | 4.5–5.7 | 5.1 |
Temperature (°C) | 17.8–22.6 | 21.3 |
pH | 7.53–7.69 | 7.61 |
SRT (d) | MLSS (mg/L) | MLVSS (mg/L) | MLVSS/MLSS |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 3871–4053 (3995) | 2201–2533 (2328) | 0.56–0.61 (0.58) |
20 | 4412–4693 (4573) | 2359–2690 (2487) | 0.52–0.56 (0.54) |
30 | 6690–6813 (6765) | 3423–3769 (3582) | 0.51–0.55 (0.53) |
60 | 8250–8468 (8328) | 3675–3953 (3803) | 0.44–0.47 (0.46) |
SRT (d) | Sample | COD (mg/L) | NH4+-N (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) |
Influent | 257–386 (286) | 36.5–47.9 (41.3) | 48.3–53.3 (50.8) | 4.5–5.7 (5.1) | |
10 | Effluent | 19.1–28.8 (26.0) | 0.8–1.5 (1.0) | 20.3–28.6 (25.7) | 0.8–1.3 (1.2) |
Removal (%) | 90.9 ± 2.1 | 97.6 ± 0.8 | 49.4 ± 2.3 | 76.5 ± 2.1 | |
20 | Effluent | 16.1–27.8 (17.7) | 0.1–0.5 (0.2) | 18.3–25.1 (22.8) | 0.5–1.1 (0.8) |
Removal (%) | 93.8 ± 2.2 | 99.5 ± 0.5 | 55.1 ± 1.9 | 84.3 ± 2.0 | |
30 | Effluent | 13.8–15.1 (14.4) | 0.1–0.4 (0.2) | 17.3–25.6 (21.8) | 0.7–1.1 (1.0) |
Removal (%) | 95.0 ± 1.8 | 99.5 ± 0.5 | 57.1 ± 1.8 | 80.4 ± 1.9 | |
60 | Effluent | 13.6–15.3 (14.1) | 0.1–0.5 (0.1) | 23.8–31.4 (29.5) | 1.2–1.9 (1.7) |
Removal (%) | 95.1 ± 1.8 | 99.8 ± 0.2 | 41.9 ± 1.6 | 66.7 ± 2.2 |
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Yao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Li, Y.; Yan, J. Mechanism of HMBR in Reducing Membrane Fouling under Different SRT: Effect of Sludge Load on Microbial Properties. Membranes 2022, 12, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121242
Yao Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li Y, Yan J. Mechanism of HMBR in Reducing Membrane Fouling under Different SRT: Effect of Sludge Load on Microbial Properties. Membranes. 2022; 12(12):1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121242
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Ying, Yanju Wang, Qiang Liu, Ying Li, and Junwei Yan. 2022. "Mechanism of HMBR in Reducing Membrane Fouling under Different SRT: Effect of Sludge Load on Microbial Properties" Membranes 12, no. 12: 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121242