Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fabrication of MXene-Based Membranes
3. Water Purification and Desalination Applications
4. Antibacterial Activity of MXene-Based Membranes
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Membrane | Fabrication Method | Feed Solution/Concentration | Rejection (%) | Permeability (Lm−2 h−1 bar−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | RB | 85 | 1084 | [64] |
EB | 90 | ||||
CC (Each 10–20 mg/L) | 97 | ||||
Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | NaCl (10,000 mg/L) | 56–64 | 10 | [100] |
BSA (2000 mg/L) | |||||
Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | CR | 92 | 405 | [74] |
GN | 80 | ||||
MgCl2 | 2.3 | ||||
Na2SO4 | 13.2 | ||||
NaCl (Each 100–1000 mg/L) | 13.8% | ||||
Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | E. coli | >99 | 37.4 | [91] |
B. subtilis | >99 | ||||
Ti3C2Tx | Vacuum filtration | Na2SO4 | 50–99 | 5–15.25 | [101] |
Mg2SO4 | |||||
MgCl2 | |||||
NaCl | |||||
VOSO4 | |||||
Ti3C2Tx-Ag | Vacuum-assisted filtration | RB | 79.9 | ~420 | [84] |
MG | 92.3 | ||||
BSA (50–100 mg/L) | >99% | ||||
Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | BB | 95.4 | ~25 L | [65] |
Rose Bengal | 94.6 | ||||
MLB | 40 | ||||
MLR | 5 | ||||
MgSO4 | <1 | ||||
NaCl (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | RB | >97 (dyes) | 89.6 | [102] |
MB | |||||
CV | |||||
NR (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
Na2SO4 | 61 | ||||
NaCl (Each 5 mM) | 23 | ||||
Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | Chrysoidine G | >99% (dyes) | 71.9 | [80] |
MLB | |||||
NR | |||||
CV | |||||
BB | |||||
HA | |||||
BSA | |||||
Na2SO4 | 61 | ||||
NaCl (Each 10 mg/L) | 23 | ||||
Ti3C2Tx-GO | Vacuum filtration | MO | >95 | ~8.5–11 | [101] |
MLB | |||||
Acid yellow 14 | |||||
IC | |||||
Eosin (Each 10 mg/L) | |||||
Ti3C2Tx-TiO2 | Spin coating | Dextran (3000 mg/L) | >95 | ~90 | [103] |
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Mahar, I.; Memon, F.H.; Lee, J.-W.; Kim, K.H.; Ahmed, R.; Soomro, F.; Rehman, F.; Memon, A.A.; Thebo, K.H.; Choi, K.H. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications. Membranes 2021, 11, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110869
Mahar I, Memon FH, Lee J-W, Kim KH, Ahmed R, Soomro F, Rehman F, Memon AA, Thebo KH, Choi KH. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications. Membranes. 2021; 11(11):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110869
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahar, Inamullah, Fida Hussain Memon, Jae-Wook Lee, Kyung Hwan Kim, Rafique Ahmed, Faheeda Soomro, Faisal Rehman, Ayaz Ali Memon, Khalid Hussain Thebo, and Kyung Hyun Choi. 2021. "Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications" Membranes 11, no. 11: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110869