Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Type of Vaccination
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Sample Collection
2.5. Analysis of Specific IgG, IgA, and IgM Antibodies
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Detection of Specific Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA Antibodies in Mother’s Serum and Breast Milk
3.3. Analysis of Specific Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA Antibodies Induced by a Vaccination
4. Discussion
Limitation of the Study
5. Conclusions
- The immune response to the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is strongest 7 ± 3 days after the second dose (29 ± 3 days after the first dose of the vaccine).
- The levels of IgA and IgG antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen in breast milk and serum samples from mothers after a COVID-19 vaccine were positively correlated.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Vaccinated (n = 32) | Unvaccinated (n = 28) |
---|---|---|
Mother’s age (years) | 33.3 ± 2.9 (33.6) | 31.7 ± 3.3 (31.5) |
Child’s age at study enrolment (months) | 8.8 ± 6.8 (6.4) | 10.1 ± 8.7 (7.8) |
Type of breastfeeding | ||
1 Exclusively natural breastfeeding | 14 (43.8%) | 13 (46.4%) |
| 2 (6.3%) | ― |
2 Mixed feeding—natural plus modified milk | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (3.6%) |
3 Breastfeeding during the expansion of the diet | 7 (21.8%) | 4 (14.3%) |
4 Breastfeeding in a child with an extended diet | 9 (28.1%) | 10 (35.7%) |
Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection | 4 (12.5%) | 12 (42.9%) |
Time between infection and study enrolment (days) | 94 ± 1.73 (95.0) | 104.4 ± 43.8 (108.5) |
Infection without symptoms | 1 (3.1%) | 4 (14.3%) |
Symptoms | ||
Fever | 0 | 3 (10.7%) |
Fry cough | 0 | 0 |
Dyspnea | 0 | 1 (3.6%) |
Fatigue | 2 (6.2%) | 7 (25%) |
Headache | 1 (3.1%) | 5 (17.9%) |
Muscle aches | 2 (6.2%) | 5 (17.9%) |
Arthralgia | 2 (6.2%) | 5 (17.9%) |
Chills | 0 | 1 (3.6%) |
Loss of taste or smell | 2 (6.2%) | 6 (21.4%) |
Skin rash or discoloration of the fingers and toes | 0 | 0 |
Feeling unwell | 2 (6.2%) | 5 (17.9%) |
Sore throat | 2 (6.2%) | 1 (3.6%) |
AEFI in the mother after each vaccine dose: 1st n(%)/2nd n(%) | 25 (78.1%)/28 (87.5%) | ― |
Pain at the injection site | 24 (75%)/25 (78.1%) | ― |
Fatigue | 9 (28.1%)/17 (53.1%) | ― |
Headache | 10 (31.3%)/18 (56.3%) | ― |
Muscle aches | 6 (18.8%)/19 (59.4%) | ― |
Arthralgia | 5 (15.6%)/10 (31.3%) | ― |
Chills | 3 (9.4%)/14 (43.8%) | ― |
Fever | 2 (6.3%)/8 (25%) | ― |
Swelling at the injection site | 4 (12.5%)/6 (18.8%) | ― |
Redness at the injection site | 5 (15.6%)/4 (12.5%) | ― |
Nausea | 1 (3.1%)/4 (12.5%) | ― |
Enlarged lymph nodes | 0/6 (18.8%) | ― |
Feeling unwell | 6 (18.8%)/18 (56.3%) | ― |
AEFI in child after each vaccine dose: 1st n(%)/2nd n(%) | 1 (3.1%)/1 (3.1%) | ― |
Low-grade fever | 0/0 | ― |
Fever | 0/0 | ― |
Behavior change | 1 (3.1%)/0 | ― |
Increased tearfulness | 1 (3.1%)/0 | ― |
Increased muscle tone | 0/0 | ― |
Vomiting | 0/0 | ― |
Diarrhea | 0/0 | ― |
Other (sleeplessness) | 0/1 (3.1%) | ― |
Antibodies | Study Group (No Prior Infection) (n = 28) | Control Group (No Prior Infection) (n = 16) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Serum IgG (BAU/mL) | 4.62 ± 3.57 (3.2, 3.2–4.1) | 3.41 ± 0.80 (3.2, 3.2–3.2) | 0.152 |
Breast milk IgG (BAU/mL) | n.d. | n.d. | - |
Serum IgA (ratio) | 0.33 ± 0.37 (0.19, 0.14–0.33) | 0.17 ± 0.07 (0.16, 0.12–0.22) | 0.129 |
Breast milk IgA (ratio) | 0.55 ± 0.32 (0.49, 0.32–0.71) | 0.69 ± 0.39 (0.57, 0.42–0.90) | 0.371 |
Antibodies | Day 8 ± 1 (Baseline) | Day 22 ± 2 | Day 29 ± 3 | Day 43 ± 4 | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum IgG (BAU/mL) | 4.62 ± 3.57 (3.2, 3.2–4.1) | 373.6 ± 237.7 (302, 197–520) | 5055.8 ± 2057.6 (4108, 3524–8000) | 3276.5 ± 1803.3 (2822, 1997–4241) | <0.001 |
Breast milk IgG (BAU/mL) | n.d. | 0.66 ± 0.57 (0.42, 0.32–0.76) | 10.13 ± 8.55 (6.2, 4.5–12.1) | 6.43 ± 4.33 (5.9, 3.1–7.0) | <0.001 |
Serum IgA (ratio) | 0.33 ± 0.37 (0.19, 0.14–0.33) | 5.55 ± 4.59 (4.53, 2.44–7.42) | 35.16 ± 17.52 (35.3, 27.7–46.0) | 9.37 ± 8.08 (7.1, 4.9–9.4) | <0.001 |
Breast milk IgA (ratio) | 0.55 ± 0.32 (0.49, 0.32–0.71) | 2.50 ± 2.42 (1.9, 1.1–2.7) | 7.14 ± 3.04 (8.2, 4.6–10.0) | 2.73 ± 2.13 (2.0, 1.2–3.3) | <0.001 |
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Jakuszko, K.; Kościelska-Kasprzak, K.; Żabińska, M.; Bartoszek, D.; Poznański, P.; Rukasz, D.; Kłak, R.; Królak-Olejnik, B.; Krajewska, M. Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers. Vaccines 2021, 9, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060663
Jakuszko K, Kościelska-Kasprzak K, Żabińska M, Bartoszek D, Poznański P, Rukasz D, Kłak R, Królak-Olejnik B, Krajewska M. Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers. Vaccines. 2021; 9(6):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060663
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakuszko, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak, Marcelina Żabińska, Dorota Bartoszek, Paweł Poznański, Dagna Rukasz, Renata Kłak, Barbara Królak-Olejnik, and Magdalena Krajewska. 2021. "Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers" Vaccines 9, no. 6: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060663
APA StyleJakuszko, K., Kościelska-Kasprzak, K., Żabińska, M., Bartoszek, D., Poznański, P., Rukasz, D., Kłak, R., Królak-Olejnik, B., & Krajewska, M. (2021). Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers. Vaccines, 9(6), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060663