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Volume 9
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10.3390/vaccines9030235
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Article

Cytokine Profiling of End Stage Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy

by
Marco Carlo Merlano
1,*,
Andrea Abbona
2,
Matteo Paccagnella
2,
Antonella Falletta
2,
Cristina Granetto
3,
Vincenzo Ricci
3,
Elena Fea
3,
Nerina Denaro
3,
Fiorella Ruatta
3,
Anna Merlotti
4,
Oscar Bertetto
5,
Nicola Crosetto
6,
Danilo Galizia
7,
Marco Basiricò
8,
Loretta Gammaitoni
1,
Dario Sangiolo
1,8,
Massimo Aglietta
1,8 and
Ornella Garrone
2,9
1
Experimental Cell Therapy Lab, Department of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Turin, Italy
2
Translational Oncology, ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
3
Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
4
Department of Radiotherapy, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
5
Rete Oncologica del Piemonte e Della Valle d’Aosta, 10125 Turin, Italy
6
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysiscs, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
7
Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Turin, Italy
8
Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
9
Breast Unit, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2021, 9(3), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030235
Submission received: 23 February 2021 / Revised: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 March 2021 / Published: 8 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Immunotherapy)
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Abstract

Published data suggest that immunotherapy plays a role even in patients with very advanced tumours. We investigated the immune profile of end-stage cancer patients treated with immunotherapy to identify changes induced by treatment. Breast, colon, renal and prostate cancer patients were eligible. Treatment consisted of metronomic cyclophosphamide, low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and a single radiation shot. A panel of 16 cytokines was assessed using automated ELISA before treatment (T0), after radiation (RT; T1), at cycle 2 (T2) and at disease progression (TPD). Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify cytokine cut-off related to overall survival (OS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the immune profile correlating better with OS and progression-free survival. Twenty-three patients were enrolled. High IL-2, low IL-8 and CCL-2 correlated with OS. The PCA identified a cluster of patients, with high IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ levels at T0 having longer PFS and OS. In all cohorts, IL-2 and IL-5 increased from T0 to T2; a higher CCL-4 level compared to T2 and a higher IL-8 level compared to T0 were found at TPD. The progressive increase of the IL-10 level during treatment negatively correlated with OS. Our data suggested that baseline cytokine levels may predict patients’ outcome and that the treatment may affect their kinetic even in end-stage patients. Cytokine profiling of end-stage patients might offer a tool for medical decisions (EUDRACT: 2016-000578-39).
Keywords: end-stage cancer patients; immunotherapy; cytokinome end-stage cancer patients; immunotherapy; cytokinome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Merlano, M.C.; Abbona, A.; Paccagnella, M.; Falletta, A.; Granetto, C.; Ricci, V.; Fea, E.; Denaro, N.; Ruatta, F.; Merlotti, A.; et al. Cytokine Profiling of End Stage Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy. Vaccines 2021, 9, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030235

AMA Style

Merlano MC, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Falletta A, Granetto C, Ricci V, Fea E, Denaro N, Ruatta F, Merlotti A, et al. Cytokine Profiling of End Stage Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy. Vaccines. 2021; 9(3):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030235

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merlano, Marco Carlo, Andrea Abbona, Matteo Paccagnella, Antonella Falletta, Cristina Granetto, Vincenzo Ricci, Elena Fea, Nerina Denaro, Fiorella Ruatta, Anna Merlotti, and et al. 2021. "Cytokine Profiling of End Stage Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy" Vaccines 9, no. 3: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030235

APA Style

Merlano, M. C., Abbona, A., Paccagnella, M., Falletta, A., Granetto, C., Ricci, V., Fea, E., Denaro, N., Ruatta, F., Merlotti, A., Bertetto, O., Crosetto, N., Galizia, D., Basiricò, M., Gammaitoni, L., Sangiolo, D., Aglietta, M., & Garrone, O. (2021). Cytokine Profiling of End Stage Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy. Vaccines, 9(3), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030235

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