Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Sources
2.2. Data Collection and Variables
- Annual mumps incidence rate: Number of reported cases per 100,000 total population per year in AP Vojvodina from 1978 to 2024.
- Age-specific mumps incidence rate: Number of reported cases per 100,000 population within specific age groups in AP Vojvodina from 1997 to 2024.
- MuCV I (MMR I) coverage: Annual percentage of the target population (at 12–15 months) receiving the first dose of MuCV from 1986 to 2024.
- MuCV II (MMR II) coverage: Annual percentage of the target population (at 12 years in the period 1994–2005; at 6–7 years in the period 2006–2024) receiving the second dose of MuCV from 1994 to 2024.
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Trends in Mumps Incidence and Vaccination Coverage
3.2. Age-Specific Distribution of Mumps Across Two Distinct Periods
3.3. Monthly Distribution of Reported Mumps Cases, 1997–2024
3.4. Distribution of Clinically or Epidemiologically Linked and Laboratory-Confirmed Mumps Cases
3.5. Vaccination Status of Mumps Cases in Two Distinct Periods
3.6. Distribution of Mumps by Gender
3.7. Distribution of Uncomplicated Mumps Cases and Mumps-Related Complications
4. Discussion
4.1. Long-Term Incidence Trends and Vaccination Coverage with Focus on Regional Mumps Epidemiology
4.2. Age-Specific Trends and Epidemiological Shifts
4.3. Monthly Patterns and Endemicity
4.4. Vaccination Status of Cases
4.5. Gender-Specific Patterns and Complications
4.6. Laboratory Confirmation and Surveillance Quality
4.7. Public Health Implications
4.8. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Diagnosis (n = 1358) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncomplicated Mumps n = 1326 n (%) | Orchitis n = 19 n (%) | Pancreatitis n = 5 n (%) | Meningitis n = 8 n (%) | ||
Period | 1997–2010 | 895 (67.5) | 8 (42.1) | 0 (-) | 7 (87.5) |
2011–2024 | 431 (32.5) | 11 (57.9) | 5 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | |
Age group (in years) | <1 | 17 (1.3) | 0 (-) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (-) |
1–4 | 118 (8.9) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | |
5–9 | 247 (18.6) | 0 (-) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (-) | |
10–19 | 498 (37.6) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (40.0) | 5 (62.5) | |
20–39 | 378 (28.5) | 18 (94.7) | 0 (-) | 3 (37.5) | |
≥40 | 68 (5.1) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | |
Vaccination status | Two doses of MMR vaccine | 182 (13.7) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) |
Unvaccinated | 700 (52.8) | 16 (84.2) | 2 (40.0) | 8 (100.0) | |
One dose of MMR vaccine | 246 (18.6) | 0 (-) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (-) | |
Unknown | 198 (14.9) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (-) |
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Ristić, M.; Vuković, V.; Rajčević, S.; Koprivica, M.; Agbaba, N.; Petrović, V. Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks. Vaccines 2025, 13, 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080839
Ristić M, Vuković V, Rajčević S, Koprivica M, Agbaba N, Petrović V. Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks. Vaccines. 2025; 13(8):839. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080839
Chicago/Turabian StyleRistić, Mioljub, Vladimir Vuković, Smiljana Rajčević, Marko Koprivica, Nikica Agbaba, and Vladimir Petrović. 2025. "Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks" Vaccines 13, no. 8: 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080839
APA StyleRistić, M., Vuković, V., Rajčević, S., Koprivica, M., Agbaba, N., & Petrović, V. (2025). Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks. Vaccines, 13(8), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080839