SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Vaccination and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test (sVNT)
2.3. Plaque-Reduction Neutralization Test 70% (PRNT70)
2.4. Data Analysis and Descriptive Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Animal Demographics and Serum Samples
3.2. Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test (sVNT)
3.3. Plaque-Reduction Neutralization Test 70% (PRNT70)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE2 | Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 |
CFIA | Canadian Food Inspection Agency |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
PRNT70 | Plaque-reduction neutralization test 70% |
RBD | Receptor-binding domain |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
sVNT | Surrogate virus neutralization test |
TMPRSS-2 | Transmembrane serine protease 2 |
TP | Timepoint |
TZ | Toronto Zoo |
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Family | Common Name | Species | Individual Identification | Sex | Age (Y) | Weight (kg) | TZ Risk-Based Assessment * | Calculated Affinity of ACE2 Receptor Binding ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Felidae | Jaguar | Panthera onca | Jg1 | M | 17 | 76 | High risk | Medium |
Lion | Panthera leo | Ln1 | M | 10 | 200 | High risk | Medium | |
Ln2 | F | 10 | 120 | High risk | ||||
Ln3 | F | 11 | 112 | High risk | ||||
Cheetah | Acinonyx jubatus | Ch1 | M | 6 | 50 | High risk | Medium | |
Ch2 | M | 6 | 51 | High risk | ||||
Ch3 | F | 10 | 41 | High risk | ||||
Tiger (Amur, Sumatran) | Panthera tigris | Tg1 | F | 15 | 82 | High risk | Medium | |
Tg2 | M | 14 | 120 | High risk | ||||
Tg3 | M | 10 | 200 | High risk | ||||
Cervidae | Moose | Alces alces | Mo1 | F | 9 | 300 | High risk | High |
Mo2 | F | 9 | 250 | High risk | ||||
Caribou | Rangifer tarandus | Ca1 | F | 12 | 105 | High risk | High | |
Ca2 | F | 12 | 112 | High risk | ||||
Ursidae | Polar bear | Ursus maritimus | Pb1 | F | 21 | 365 | Medium risk | Low |
Pb2 | M | 11 | 465 | Medium risk | ||||
Pb3 | M | 9 | 475 | Medium risk | ||||
Pb4 | F | 7 | 340 | Medium risk | ||||
Pb5 | F | 21 | 320 | Medium risk | ||||
Brown bear | Ursus arctos | Bb1 | F | 23 | 240 | Medium risk | Medium | |
Bb2 | M | 24 | 550 | Medium risk | ||||
Hyenidae | Spotted hyena | Crocuta crocuta | Sh1 | M | 13 | 50 | High risk | High |
Sh2 | M | 23 | 70 | High risk | ||||
Sh3 | F | 10 | 60 | High risk |
Species | ID | TP1 | TP2 | TP3 | TP4 | TP5 | TP6 | TP7 | Fold Change * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaguar | Jg1 | 18.31 | 18.45 | 22.07 | 96.63 | 96.50 | 92.04 | 5.24 | |
Lion | Ln1 | 27.11 ** (15.22/39.00) | 97.25 | 92.56 | 2.50 | ||||
Ln2 ° | 26.71 | ||||||||
Ln3 | 4.30 | 47.30 | 97.51 | 96.63 | 22.70 | ||||
Cheetah | Ch1 | 9.90 | 68.58 | 97.56 | 97.17 | 96.95 | 48.25 | 9.85 | |
Ch2 | 36.78 | 96.12 | 93.78 | 79.75 | 97.51 | 2.65 | |||
Ch3 | 39.08 | 97.13 | 2.49 | ||||||
Tiger | Tg1 ° | 43.77 | |||||||
Tg2 ° | 44.80 | ||||||||
Tg3 | 39.44 ** (42.33/36.55) | 44.09 | 77.87 | 1.97 | |||||
Moose | Mo1 | 14.52 | 11.76 | 75.04 | 5.10 | ||||
Mo2 ° | 7.60 | 3.99 | |||||||
Caribou | Cb1 † | 97.46 | |||||||
Cb2 † | 97.91 | 97.14 | |||||||
Polar bear | Pb1 | 16.71 | 14.27 | 12.74 | 14.82 | 0.89 | |||
Pb2 | 9.57 | 8.02 | 20.75 ** (28.91/12.58) | 2.16 | |||||
Pb3 | 19.77 | 8.98 | 19.31 | 8.84 (14.93/2.74) | 0.98 | ||||
Pb4 ° | 17.53 ** (21.1/13.96) | ||||||||
Pb5 ° | 8.47 | ||||||||
Brown bear | Bb1 † | 97.58 | |||||||
Bb2 † | 96.95 | ||||||||
Spotted hyena | Sh1 ° | 53.31 | |||||||
Sh2 | 41.62 | 77.52 | 1.86 | ||||||
Sh3 † | 97.51 | 92.64 |
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Pagliarani, S.; Tuling, J.; Pham, P.H.; Leacy, A.; Delnatte, P.; Lillie, B.N.; Masters, N.; Sookhoo, J.; Babiuk, S.; Wootton, S.K.; et al. SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo. Vaccines 2025, 13, 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101037
Pagliarani S, Tuling J, Pham PH, Leacy A, Delnatte P, Lillie BN, Masters N, Sookhoo J, Babiuk S, Wootton SK, et al. SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo. Vaccines. 2025; 13(10):1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101037
Chicago/Turabian StylePagliarani, Sara, Jaime Tuling, Phuc H. Pham, Alexander Leacy, Pauline Delnatte, Brandon N. Lillie, Nicholas Masters, Jamie Sookhoo, Shawn Babiuk, Sarah K. Wootton, and et al. 2025. "SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo" Vaccines 13, no. 10: 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101037
APA StylePagliarani, S., Tuling, J., Pham, P. H., Leacy, A., Delnatte, P., Lillie, B. N., Masters, N., Sookhoo, J., Babiuk, S., Wootton, S. K., & Susta, L. (2025). SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo. Vaccines, 13(10), 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101037