Decisions to Choose COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in a Southern California Safety Net Medical Center Vary by Sociodemographic Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Survey Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.2. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Groups
2.2.3. Reasons for Vaccination Decisions
2.3. Reliability of Survey
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Decision-Making Reasons by Race/Ethnicity
3.1.1. Vaccine Acceptor Group
3.1.2. Vaccine Hesitant Group
3.1.3. Vaccine Refuser Group
3.2. Decision-Making Reasons by Annual Household Income Level
3.2.1. Vaccine Acceptor Group
3.2.2. Vaccine Hesitant Group
3.2.3. Vaccine Refuser Group
3.3. Decision-Making Reasons by Education Level
3.3.1. Vaccine Acceptor Group
3.3.2. Vaccine Hesitant Group
3.3.3. Vaccine Refuser Group
4. Discussion
4.1. Race/Ethnicity
4.2. Household Income
4.3. Education
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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If I had received a financial incentive * |
If I were entered in a raffle to win a gift card * |
If I had paid time off to get the vaccine * |
If getting vaccinated was a requirement for my job |
If I believe I am healthy and can withstand a COVID infection |
If I feel confident I can prevent COVID infection by using current precautions |
If vaccination was promoted in my social media network |
If I was convinced that getting vaccinated helped protect vulnerable members of my family or my community |
If someone I knew got sick, was hospitalized, died from COVID-19 |
If colleagues or family members encouraged me to be vaccinated |
If I knew the pharmaceutical industry was not taking advantage of me |
If my religious leaders said I should get vaccinated |
If a trusted health care worker told me to get vaccinated |
If I was sure that the vaccine is safe |
If I was sure that the vaccine is effective and see people that were vaccinated not get sick with COVID-19 |
If I believe there will be new medication to treat COVID infection soon |
If getting vaccinated was required for me to attend social or sporting events or travel |
Characteristics [N (%)] | Overall (N = 789) | Acceptors (N = 644) | Hesitant (N = 71) | Refusers (N = 40) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
18–29 | 106 (13.5) | 87 (13.6) | 6 (8.5) | 8 (20.0) |
30–49 | 412 (52.4) | 322 (50.2) | 50 (70.4) | 21 (52.5) |
50–64 | 246 (31.3) | 210 (32.8) | 12 (21.1) | 11 (27.5) |
65+ | 22 (2.8) | 22 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gender | ||||
Female | 624 (79.2) | 500 (77.8) | 66 (93.0) | 37 (92.5) |
Male | 153 (19.4) | 138 (21.5) | 3 (4.2) | 2 (5.0) |
Non-Binary | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Prefer not to answer | 10 (1.3) | 4 (0.6) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (2.5) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 282 (37.7) | 239 (38.1) | 22 (36.7) | 14 (40.0) |
Asian | 97 (13.0) | 91 (14.5) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (5.7) |
Black | 66 (8.8) | 51 (8.1) | 7 (11.7) | 1 (2.9) |
Hispanic | 275 (36.8) | 221(35.3) | 27 (45.0) | 17 (48.6) |
Other (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Native, Mixed Race, Other) | 28 (3.7) | 25 (4.0) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (2.9) |
Annual Household Income | ||||
Less than USD 50,000 | 123 (16.4) | 84 (13.6) | 18 (26.9) | 11 (28.9) |
USD 50,000–119,999 | 322 (48.3) | 268 (43.4) | 26 (38.8) | 15 (39.5) |
USD 120,000 or above | 222 (28.4) | 265 (43.0) | 23 (34.3) | 12 (31.6) |
Education Level | ||||
Less than college degree | 315 (40.3) | 234 (36.6) | 46 (65.7) | 18 (45.0) |
College degree | 245 (31.3) | 210 (32.8) | 13 (18.6) | 16 (40.0) |
Higher than college degree | 222 (28.4) | 196 (30.6) | 11 (15.7) | 6 (15.0) |
Job Classification | ||||
Nurse, Nursing Assistant, Medical Assistant | 296 (38.1) | 245 (38.4) | 27 (39.7) | 18 (45.0) |
Doctor, Physician Assistant, Nurse Practitioner | 66 (8.5) | 61 (9.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.0) |
Allied Health Professional: Laboratory, Respiratory Therapists, Radiology Personnel | 102 (13.1) | 95 (14.9) | 3 (4.4) | 3 (7.5) |
Administrative or Non-direct Clinical Support/Admissions and Collections Clerk | 272 (35.1) | 200 (31.4) | 37 (54.4) | 16 (40.0) |
Pharmacist, Pharmacy Technician | 31 (4.0) | 28 (4.4) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.5) |
Other | 9 (1.2) | 9 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Vaccination Influence | Race/Ethnicity | Definitely Would Not N (%) | Probably Would Not N (%) | Not Sure N (%) | Probably Would N (%) | Definitely Would N (%) | p-Value 1 | E2R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
If I believe I am healthy and can withstand a COVID infection | Non-Hispanic White | 81 (37.5) | 39 (18.1) | 28 (13.0) | 38 (17.6) | 30 (13.9) | 0.029 | 0.019 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 28 (35.9) | 11 (14.1) | 10 (12.8) | 10 (12.8) | 19 (24.4) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 14 (29.2) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (8.3) | 11 (22.9) | 11 (22.9) | |||
Hispanic | 50 (25.1) | 30 (15.1) | 47 (23.6) | 24 (12.1) | 48 (24.1) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 5 (23.8) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (14.3) | 7 (33.3) | |||
If I feel confident I can prevent COVID infection by using current precautions. | Non-Hispanic White | 66 (30.1) | 47 (21.5) | 24 (11.0) | 51 (23.3) | 31 (14.2) | <0.001 | 0.036 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 24 (30.8) | 12 (15.4) | 9 (11.5) | 14 (17.9) | 19 (24.4) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 14 (29.2) | 10 (20.8) | 3 (6.3) | 10 (20.8) | 11 (22.9) | |||
Hispanic | 37 (18.5) | 30 (15.0) | 36 (18.0) | 31 (15.5) | 66 (33.0) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 4 (18.2) | 2 (9.1) | 4 (18.2) | 2 (9.2) | 10 (45.5) | |||
If vaccination was promoted in my social media network | Non-Hispanic White | 83 (38.2) | 50 (23.0) | 47 (21.7) | 26 (12.0) | 11 (5.1) | 0.054 | 0.017 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 24 (30.4) | 13 (16.5) | 15 (19.0) | 10 (12.7) | 17 (21.5) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 15 (31.3) | 9 (18.8) | 14 (29.2) | 7 (14.6) | 3 (6.3) | |||
Hispanic | 75 (37.7) | 24 (12.1) | 39 (19.6) | 40 (20.1) | 21 (10.6) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 5 (23.8) | 5 (23.8) | 7 (33.3) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (9.5) | |||
If colleagues or family members encouraged me to be vaccinated | Non-Hispanic White | 24 (11.0) | 17 (7.8) | 26 (11.9) | 73 (33.5) | 78 (35.8) | 0.053 | 0.017 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 8 (10.1) | 3 (3.8) | 6 (7.6) | 19 (24.1) | 43 (54.4) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 1 (2.1) | 4 (8.3) | 1 (2.1) | 22 (45.8) | 20 (41.7) | |||
Hispanic | 20 (10.1) | 11 (5.5) | 24 (12.1) | 71 (35.7) | 73 (36.7) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (28.6) | 10 (47.6) | |||
If my religious leaders said I should get vaccinated | Non-Hispanic White | 84 (38.7) | 30 (13.8) | 55 (25.3) | 24 (11.1) | 24 (11.1) | 0.034 | 0.018 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 25 (31.6) | 10 (12.7) | 21 (26.6) | 9 (11.4) | 14 (17.7) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 10 (20.8) | 7 (14.6) | 12 (25.0) | 11 (22.9) | 8 (16.7) | |||
Hispanic | 67 (33.7) | 23 (11.6) | 53 (26.6) | 27 (13.6) | 29 (14.6) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | 11 (52.4) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (19.0) | |||
If I believe there will be new medication to treat COVID infection soon | Non-Hispanic White | 37 (17.1) | 37 (17.1) | 65 (30.0) | 39 (18.0) | 39 (18.0) | 0.004 | 0.027 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 15 (19.0) | 10 (12.7) | 16 (20.3) | 13 (16.5) | 25 (31.6) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 4 (8.3) | 3 (6.3) | 12 (25.0) | 10 (20.8) | 19 (39.6) | |||
Hispanic | 32 (16.2) | 18 (9.1) | 58 (29.3) | 35 (17.7) | 55 (27.8) | |||
Non-Hispanic Other | 3 (14.3) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (23.8) | 7 (33.3) |
Vaccination Influence | Annual Household Income Level | Definitely Would Not N (%) | Probably Would Not N (%) | Not Sure N (%) | Probably Would N (%) | Definitely Would N (%) | p-Value 1 | E2R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
If getting vaccinated was a requirement for my job | Less than USD 50,000 | 8 (10.7) | 2 (2.7) | 4 (5.3) | 13 (17.3) | 48 (64.0) | 0.035 | 0.012 |
USD 50,000–119,999 | 30 (12.2) | 11 (4.5) | 25 (10.2) | 63 (25.6) | 117 (47.6) | |||
USD 120,000 or higher | 42 (17.6) | 16 (6.7) | 12 (5.0) | 56 (23.4) | 113 (47.3) | |||
If I believe I am healthy and can withstand a COVID infection | Less than USD 50,000 | 17 (23.3) | 10 (13.7) | 12 (16.4) | 6 (8.2) | 28 (38.4) | 0.010 | 0.017 |
USD 50,000–119,999 | 76 (30.9) | 42 (17.1) | 40 (16.3) | 41 (16.7) | 47 (19.1) | |||
USD 120,000 or higher | 83 (35.0) | 39 (16.5) | 41 (17.3) | 34 (14.3) | 40 (16.9) | |||
If I feel confident I can prevent COVID infection by using current precautions | Less than USD 50,000 | 11 (15.1) | 17 (23.3) | 10 (13.7) | 8 (11.0) | 27 (37.0) | 0.017 | 0.015 |
USD 50,000–119,999 | 61 (24.6) | 42 (16.9) | 33 (13.3) | 52 (21.0) | 60 (24.2) | |||
USD 120,000 or higher | 73 (30.5) | 40 (16.7) | 35 (14.6) | 46 (19.2) | 45 (18.8) |
Vaccination Influence | Education Level | Definitely Would Not N (%) | Probably Would Not N (%) | Not Sure N (%) | Probably Would N (%) | Definitely Would N (%) | p-Value 1 | E2R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
If I feel confident I can prevent COVID infection by using current precautions | Less than College Degree | 44 (20.6) | 37 (17.3) | 25 (11.7) | 48 (22.4) | 60 (28.0) | 0.026 | 0.013 |
College Degree | 50 (26.6) | 31 (16.5) | 28 (14.9) | 34 (18.1) | 45 (23.9) | |||
Higher than College Degree | 53 (30.1) | 34 (19.3) | 24 (13.6) | 29 (16.5) | 36 (20.5) | |||
If colleagues or family members encouraged me to be vaccinated | Less than College Degree | 23 (10.7) | 19 (8.9) | 32 (15.0) | 70 (32.7) | 70 (32.7) | 0.011 | 0.016 |
College Degree | 17 (9.1) | 7 (3.8) | 19 (10.2) | 63 (33.9) | 80 (43.0) | |||
Higher than College Degree | 17 (9.7) | 9 (5.1) | 14 (8.0) | 59 (33.5) | 77 (43.8) | |||
If a trusted health care worker told me to get vaccinated | Less than College Degree | 29 (13.6) | 12 (5.6) | 35 (16.4) | 78 (36.6) | 59 (27.7) | <0.001 | 0.031 |
College Degree | 18 (9.7) | 7 (3.8) | 20 (10.8) | 56 (30.3) | 84 (45.4) | |||
Higher than College Degree | 19 (10.8) | 5 (2.8) | 6 (3.4) | 74 (42.0) | 72 (40.9) | |||
If I believe there will be new medication to treat COVID infection soon | Less than College Degree | 33 (15.6) | 16 (7.5) | 64 (30.2) | 41 (19.3) | 58 (27.4) | 0.014 | 0.015 |
College Degree | 26 (14.0) | 24 (12.9) | 45 (24.2) | 36 (19.4) | 55 (29.6) | |||
Higher than College Degree | 34 (19.2) | 29 (16.4) | 51 (28.8) | 28 (15.8) | 35 (19.8) |
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Garcia, L.; Firek, A.; Freund, D.; Massai, D.; Khurana, D.; Lee, J.E.; Zamarripa, S.; Sasaninia, B.; Michaels, K.; Nightingale, J.; et al. Decisions to Choose COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in a Southern California Safety Net Medical Center Vary by Sociodemographic Factors. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081247
Garcia L, Firek A, Freund D, Massai D, Khurana D, Lee JE, Zamarripa S, Sasaninia B, Michaels K, Nightingale J, et al. Decisions to Choose COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in a Southern California Safety Net Medical Center Vary by Sociodemographic Factors. Vaccines. 2022; 10(8):1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081247
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcia, Lauren, Anthony Firek, Deborah Freund, Donatella Massai, Dhruv Khurana, Jerusha E. Lee, Susanna Zamarripa, Bijan Sasaninia, Kelsey Michaels, Judi Nightingale, and et al. 2022. "Decisions to Choose COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in a Southern California Safety Net Medical Center Vary by Sociodemographic Factors" Vaccines 10, no. 8: 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081247
APA StyleGarcia, L., Firek, A., Freund, D., Massai, D., Khurana, D., Lee, J. E., Zamarripa, S., Sasaninia, B., Michaels, K., Nightingale, J., & Gatto, N. M., on behalf of the Riverside University Health System (RUHS) Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC)-Claremont Graduate University (CGU) COVID-19 Research Group. (2022). Decisions to Choose COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in a Southern California Safety Net Medical Center Vary by Sociodemographic Factors. Vaccines, 10(8), 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081247