Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Healthcare Workers before Circulation of the Omicron Sublineages BA.4/BA.5 in Vojvodina, Serbia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Laboratory Testing
2.2.1. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA Test
2.2.2. LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS Test
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Participants | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA | LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS | p-Value 1 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Seroposi-tive | Seronegative | Seroprevalence % (95% CI) | Total | Seroposi-tive | Seronega-tive | Seroprevalence % (95% CI) | |||||||||||||
n = 6936 | n = 3835 | n = 3537 | n = 298 | n = 3101 | n = 2911 | n = 190 | ||||||||||||||
n | % | (95% CI) | n | % | n | % | n | % | 92.23 | 91.34–93.06 | n | % | n | % | n | % | 93.87 | 92.97–94.69 | 0.0079 | |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 1143 | 16.48 | 15.56–17.32 | 606 | 15.80 | 561 | 15.86 | 45 | 15.10 | 92.57 | 90.18–94.53 | 537 | 17.32 | 502 | 17.24 | 35 | 18.42 | 93.48 | 91.05–95.42 | 0.5475 |
Female | 5793 | 83.52 | 82.63–84.39 | 3229 | 84.20 | 2976 | 84.14 | 253 | 84.90 | 92.16 | 91.18–93.06 | 2564 | 82.68 | 2409 | 82.76 | 155 | 81.58 | 93.95 | 92.96–94.84 | 0.0082 |
Age (year) | ||||||||||||||||||||
18–29 | 707 | 10.19 | 9.49–10.93 | 450 | 11.73 | 416 | 11.76 | 34 | 11.41 | 92.44 | 89.60–94.71 | 257 | 8.29 | 253 | 8.69 | 4 | 2.11 | 98.44 | 96.06–99.57 | 0.0007 |
30–39 | 1347 | 19.42 | 18.49–20.37 | 798 | 20.81 | 734 | 20.75 | 64 | 21.48 | 91.98 | 89.87–93.77 | 549 | 17.70 | 501 | 17.21 | 48 | 25.26 | 91.26 | 88.58–93.49 | 0.6383 |
40–49 | 2083 | 30.03 | 28.95–31.12 | 1099 | 28.66 | 1002 | 28.33 | 97 | 32.55 | 91.17 | 89.33–92.78 | 984 | 31.73 | 928 | 31.88 | 56 | 29.47 | 94.31 | 92.67–95.67 | 0.0061 |
50–59 | 2043 | 29.46 | 28.39–30.55 | 1098 | 28.63 | 1025 | 28.98 | 73 | 24.50 | 93.35 | 91.71–94.75 | 945 | 30.47 | 887 | 30.47 | 58 | 30.53 | 93.86 | 92.13–95.30 | 0.6391 |
≥60 | 756 | 10.90 | 10.18–11.66 | 390 | 10.17 | 360 | 10.18 | 30 | 10.07 | 92.31 | 89.20–94.75 | 366 | 11.80 | 342 | 11.75 | 24 | 12.63 | 93.44 | 90.40–95.75 | 0.5468 |
Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||||
Physician | 1241 | 17.89 | 16.99–18.81 | 617 | 16.09 | 588 | 16.62 | 29 | 9.73 | 95.30 | 93.32–96.83 | 624 | 20.12 | 603 | 20.71 | 21 | 11.05 | 96.63 | 94.90–97.90 | 0.2338 |
Nurse | 3253 | 46.90 | 45.72–48.08 | 1917 | 49.99 | 1766 | 49.93 | 151 | 50.67 | 92.12 | 90.82–93.29 | 1336 | 43.08 | 1253 | 43.04 | 83 | 43.68 | 93.79 | 92.36–95.02 | 0.0698 |
Pharmacist | 70 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.27 | 42 | 1.10 | 37 | 1.05 | 5 | 1.68 | 88.10 | 74.37–96.02 | 28 | 0.90 | 28 | 0.96 | 0 | 0.00 | 100 | 87.66–100 | 0.0600 |
Dentist | 93 | 1.34 | 1.08–1.64 | 29 | 0.76 | 29 | 0.82 | 0 | 0.00 | 100 | 88.06–100 | 64 | 2.06 | 62 | 2.13 | 2 | 1.05 | 96.88 | 89.17–99.62 | 0.3389 |
Laboratory technician | 411 | 5.93 | 5.39–6.51 | 207 | 5.40 | 192 | 5.43 | 15 | 5.03 | 92.75 | 88.33–95.88 | 204 | 6.58 | 186 | 6.39 | 18 | 9.47 | 91.18 | 86.42–94.69 | 0.5586 |
Other medical staff | 221 | 3.19 | 2.79–3.63 | 111 | 2.89 | 107 | 3.03 | 4 | 1.34 | 96.40 | 91.04-99.01 | 110 | 3.55 | 102 | 3.50 | 8 | 4.21 | 92.73 | 86.18-96.81 | 0.2296 |
Support non-medical staff | 1647 | 23.75 | 22.75-24.77 | 912 | 23.78 | 818 | 23.13 | 94 | 31.54 | 89.69 | 87.53-91.59 | 735 | 23.70 | 677 | 23.26 | 58 | 30.53 | 92.11 | 89.92-93.95 | 0.0918 |
Healthcare level | ||||||||||||||||||||
Primary | 2823 | 40.70 | 39.54-41.87 | 1158 | 30.20 | 1060 | 29.97 | 98 | 32.89 | 91.54 | 89.79-93.08 | 1665 | 53.69 | 1566 | 53.80 | 99 | 52.11 | 94.05 | 92.80-95.14 | 0.0101 |
Secondary | 2026 | 29.21 | 28.14-30.30 | 1443 | 37.63 | 1334 | 37.72 | 109 | 36.58 | 92.45 | 90.96-93.76 | 583 | 18.80 | 541 | 18.58 | 42 | 22.11 | 92.80 | 90.39-94.76 | 0.7860 |
Tertiary | 2087 | 30.09 | 29.01-31.18 | 1234 | 32.18 | 1143 | 32.32 | 91 | 30.54 | 92.63 | 91.03-94.02 | 853 | 27.51 | 804 | 27.62 | 49 | 25.79 | 94.26 | 92.48-95.72 | 0.1434 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hypertension | 186 | 2.68 | 2.31-3.09 | 81 | 2.11 | 80 | 2.26 | 1 | 0.34 | 98.77 | 93.32-99.97 | 105 | 3.39 | 101 | 3.47 | 4 | 2.11 | 96.19 | 90.53-98.95 | 0.2819 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 210 | 3.03 | 2.64-3.46 | 119 | 3.10 | 106 | 3.00 | 13 | 4.36 | 89.08 | 82.05-94.06 | 91 | 2.93 | 87 | 2.99 | 4 | 2.11 | 95.60 | 89.12-98.79 | 0.0868 |
Cardiovascular disease | 441 | 6.36 | 5.80-6.96 | 253 | 6.60 | 230 | 6.50 | 23 | 7.72 | 90.91 | 86.67-94.15 | 188 | 6.06 | 179 | 6.15 | 9 | 4.74 | 95.21 | 91.10–97.79 | 0.0855 |
Diabetes | 192 | 2.77 | 2.40–3.18 | 106 | 2.76 | 101 | 2.86 | 5 | 1.68 | 95.28 | 89.33–98.45 | 86 | 2.77 | 78 | 2.68 | 8 | 4.21 | 90.70 | 82.49–95.90 | 0.2103 |
Obesity | 32 | 0.46 | 0.31–0.65 | 13 | 0.34 | 12 | 0.34 | 1 | 0.34 | 92.31 | 63.97–99.81 | 19 | 0.61 | 19 | 0.65 | 0 | 0.00 | 100 | 82.35–100 | 0.2268 |
Malignancy | 90 | 1.30 | 1.05–1.60 | 50 | 1.30 | 44 | 1.24 | 6 | 2.01 | 88.00 | 75.69–95.47 | 40 | 1.29 | 38 | 1.31 | 2 | 1.05 | 95.00 | 83.08–99.39 | 0.2489 |
Other chronic disease | 389 | 5.61 | 5.08–6.18 | 214 | 5.58 | 196 | 5.54 | 18 | 6.04 | 91.59 | 87.03–94.94 | 175 | 5.64 | 162 | 5.57 | 13 | 6.84 | 92.57 | 87.63–95.98 | 0.7229 |
Without comorbidity | 5396 | 77.80 | 76.80–78.77 | 2999 | 78.20 | 2768 | 78.26 | 231 | 77.52 | 92.30 | 91.29–93.23 | 2397 | 77.30 | 2247 | 77.19 | 150 | 78.95 | 93.74 | 92.69–94.68 | 0.3382 |
Contact with COVID-19 patients at workplace | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 2812 | 40.54 | 39.38–41.71 | 1550 | 40.42 | 1448 | 40.94 | 102 | 34.23 | 93.42 | 92.07–94.60 | 1262 | 40.70 | 1196 | 41.09 | 66 | 34.74 | 94.77 | 93.39–95.93 | 0.1331 |
No | 4124 | 59.46 | 58.29–60.62 | 2285 | 59.58 | 2089 | 59.06 | 196 | 65.77 | 91.42 | 90.20–92.54 | 1839 | 59.30 | 1715 | 58.91 | 124 | 65.26 | 93.26 | 92.02–94.36 | 0.0282 |
Previously having laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 3905 | 56.30 | 55.12–57.47 | 2170 | 56.58 | 2054 | 58.07 | 116 | 38.93 | 94.65 | 93.62–95.56 | 1735 | 55.95 | 1674 | 57.51 | 61 | 32.11 | 96.48 | 95.50–97.30 | 0.0063 |
No | 3031 | 43.70 | 42.53–44.88 | 1665 | 43.42 | 1483 | 41.93 | 182 | 61.07 | 89.07 | 87.47–90.53 | 1366 | 44.05 | 1237 | 42.49 | 129 | 67.89 | 90.56 | 88.88–92.06 | 0.1786 |
Vaccinated against COVID-19 with at least one dose of vaccine | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 5485 | 79.08 | 78.10–80.03 | 3063 | 79.87 | 2965 | 83.83 | 98 | 32.89 | 96.80 | 96.11–97.39 | 2422 | 78.10 | 2365 | 81.24 | 57 | 30.00 | 97.65 | 96.97–98.22 | 0.0592 |
No | 1451 | 20.92 | 19.97–21.90 | 772 | 20.13 | 572 | 16.17 | 200 | 67.11 | 74.09 | 70.85–77.15 | 679 | 21.90 | 546 | 18.76 | 133 | 70.00 | 80.41 | 77.22–83.33 | 0.0043 |
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA | LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR a,b (95% CI) | p-Value b | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR a,b (95% CI) | p-Value b | |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1.06 (0.76–1.47) | 0.7297 | Referent | |||||
Female | Referent | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.6781 | |||||
Age (year) | ||||||||
18–29 | 1.18 (0.79–1.78) | 0.4150 | 6.06 (2.16–16.99) | 0.0006 | 6.22 (2.21–17.47) | 0.0005 | ||
30–39 | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) | 0.5341 | Referent | |||||
40–49 | Referent | 1.59 (1.06–2.34) | 0.0237 | 1.57 (1.05–2.36) | 0.0274 | |||
50–59 | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | 0.0569 | 1.47 (0.98–2.18) | 0.0598 | ||||
≥60 | 1.17 (0.76–1.78) | 0.4913 | 1.367 (0.82–2.27) | 0.2305 | ||||
Occupation | ||||||||
Physician | 2.74 (1.00–7.49) | 0.0495 | 2.78 (1.45–5.33) | 0.0021 | 2.72 (1.39–5.34) | 0.0036 | ||
Nurse | 1.58 (0.61–4.08) | 0.3443 | 1.46 (0.86–2.49) | 0.1628 | ||||
Pharmacist | Referent | 5.65 (0.33–96.45) | 0.2313 | |||||
Dentist | 8.65 (0.46–162.87) | 0.1496 | 3.00 (0.68–13.30) | 0.1481 | ||||
Laboratory technician | 1.73 (0.59–5.05) | 0.3162 | Referent | |||||
Other medical staff | 3.61 (0.92–14.18) | 0.0654 | 1.23 (0.52–2.94) | 0.6348 | ||||
Support non-medical staff | 1.18 (0.45–3.07) | 0.7402 | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | 0.6659 | ||||
Healthcare level | ||||||||
Primary | Referent | 1.23 (0.84–1.78) | 0.2816 | |||||
Secondary | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.3948 | Referent | |||||
Tertiary | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 0.3244 | 1.27 (0.83–1.95) | 0.2658 | ||||
Comorbidities | ||||||||
Hypertension | 10.91 (1.27–93.54) | 0.0293 | 3.98 (0.41–38.53) | 0.2336 | 2.59 (0.75–8.91) | 0.1313 | ||
Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.11 (0.40–3.11) | 0.8399 | 2.23 (0.65–7.70) | 0.2042 | ||||
Cardiovascular disease | 1.36 (0.52–3.54) | 0.5243 | 2.04 (0.76–5.48) | 0.1576 | ||||
Diabetes | 2.75 (0.80–9.50) | 0.1088 | Referent | |||||
Obesity | 1.64 (0.18–14.93) | 0.6624 | 4.22 (0.23–76.37) | 0.3294 | ||||
Malignancy | Referent | 1.95 (0.39–9.63) | 0.4130 | |||||
Other chronic disease | 1.48 (0.56–3.96) | 0.4292 | 1.28 (0.51–3.21) | 0.6016 | ||||
Without comorbidity | 1.63 (0.69–3.87) | 0.2650 | 1.54 (0.73–3.24) | 0.2593 | ||||
Contact with COVID-19 patients at workplace | ||||||||
Yes | 1.33 (1.04–1.71) | 0.0238 | 1.46 (1.13–1.90) | 0.0041 | 1.31 (0.96–1.78) | 0.0852 | ||
No | Referent | Referent | ||||||
Previously having laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 | ||||||||
Yes | 2.17 (1.71–2.77) | <0.0001 | 2.18 (1.71–2.78) | <0.0001 | 2.86 (2.09–3.91) | <0.0001 | 2.90 (2.12–3.97) | <0.0001 |
No | Referent | Referent | ||||||
Vaccinated against COVID-19 with at least one dose of vaccine | ||||||||
Yes | 10.58 (8.18–13.69) | <0.0001 | 11.34 (8.70–14.78) | <0.0001 | 10.11 (7.31–13.97) | <0.0001 | 11.05 (7.92–15.40) | <0.0001 |
No | Referent | Referent |
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Ristić, M.; Vuković, V.; Patić, A.; Marković, M.; Petrović, V. Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Healthcare Workers before Circulation of the Omicron Sublineages BA.4/BA.5 in Vojvodina, Serbia. Vaccines 2022, 10, 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122168
Ristić M, Vuković V, Patić A, Marković M, Petrović V. Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Healthcare Workers before Circulation of the Omicron Sublineages BA.4/BA.5 in Vojvodina, Serbia. Vaccines. 2022; 10(12):2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122168
Chicago/Turabian StyleRistić, Mioljub, Vladimir Vuković, Aleksandra Patić, Miloš Marković, and Vladimir Petrović. 2022. "Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Healthcare Workers before Circulation of the Omicron Sublineages BA.4/BA.5 in Vojvodina, Serbia" Vaccines 10, no. 12: 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122168
APA StyleRistić, M., Vuković, V., Patić, A., Marković, M., & Petrović, V. (2022). Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Healthcare Workers before Circulation of the Omicron Sublineages BA.4/BA.5 in Vojvodina, Serbia. Vaccines, 10(12), 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122168