Prevalence and Factors Associated with Caregivers’ Hesitancy in Immunizing Dependent Older Adults with COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Study Design
2.2. Questionnaire
2.2.1. Caregiver Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Patient Sociodemographic Characteristics and Medical History
2.2.3. COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Information
2.2.4. COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Information
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Medical History of Dependent Older Adults
3.3. COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Information
3.4. COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Information
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age (y) (n = 313) | ||
<40 | 27 | 8.5 |
40–59 | 160 | 50.3 |
≥60 | 126 | 39.6 |
Females | 243 | 76.4 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 129 | 40.6 |
Married | 171 | 53.8 |
Divorced | 5 | 1.6 |
Widow | 13 | 4.1 |
Education level | ||
Elementary school or lower | 12 | 3.8 |
High school | 29 | 9.1 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 277 | 87.1 |
Current residence | ||
Bangkok | 201 | 63.2 |
Other province | 117 | 36.8 |
Relationship with patient | ||
Spouse | 29 | 9.1 |
Child | 275 | 86.5 |
Sibling | 14 | 4.4 |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed | 54 | 17 |
Part-time | 65 | 20.4 |
Full-time | 28 | 8.8 |
Retired | 171 | 53.8 |
Monthly income (baht) (n = 239) | ||
≤10,000 | 37 | 15.5 |
10,001–20,000 | 50 | 20.9 |
20,001–50,000 | 108 | 45.2 |
≥50,001 | 44 | 18.4 |
Income loss due to COVID | 95 | 29.9 |
History of vaccination | ||
Influenza vaccine | 70 | 22 |
Zoster vaccine | 295 | 92.8 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 276 | 86.8 |
DTP vaccine | 130 | 40.9 |
Characteristics | Acceptance | Hesitancy | χ2 | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 191) | (n = 127) | |||||
n | % | N | % | |||
Age (y) (n = 313) | ||||||
<40 | 13 | 6.90% | 14 | 11.30% | 2.56 | 0.278 |
40–59 | 95 | 50.30% | 65 | 52.40% | ||
≥60 | 81 | 42.90% | 45 | 36.30% | ||
Female | 143 | 74.90% | 100 | 78.70% | 0.634 | 0.426 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 73 | 38.30% | 56 | 44.10% | 1.11 | 0.775 |
Married | 107 | 56.00% | 64 | 50.40% | ||
Divorced | 3 | 1.60% | 2 | 1.60% | ||
Widow | 8 | 4.20% | 5 | 3.90% | ||
Education level | ||||||
Elementary school or lower | 6 | 3.10% | 6 | 4.70% | 0.561 | 0.755 |
High school | 18 | 9.40% | 11 | 8.70% | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 167 | 87.40% | 110 | 86.60% | ||
Current residence | ||||||
Bangkok * | 129 | 67.50% | 72 | 56.70% | 3.859 | 0.049 |
Other province | 62 | 32.50% | 55 | 43.30% | ||
Relationship with patient | ||||||
Spouse | 21 | 11.00% | 8 | 6.30% | 2.047 | 0.359 |
Child | 162 | 84.80% | 113 | 89.00% | ||
Sibling | 8 | 4.20% | 6 | 4.70% | ||
Employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | 33 | 17.30% | 21 | 16.50% | 0.442 | 0.932 |
Part-time | 41 | 21.50% | 24 | 18.90% | ||
Full-time | 16 | 8.40% | 12 | 9.40% | ||
Retired | 101 | 52.90% | 70 | 55.10% | ||
Monthly income (baht) (n = 239) | ||||||
≤10,000 | 23 | 16.10% | 14 | 14.60% | 0.362 | 0.948 |
10,001–20,000 | 31 | 21.70% | 19 | 19.80% | ||
20,001–50,000 | 64 | 44.80% | 44 | 45.80% | ||
≥50,001 | 25 | 17.50% | 19 | 19.90% | ||
Income loss due to COVID | 51 | 26.70% | 44 | 34.60% | 2.298 | 0.13 |
History of vaccination | ||||||
Influenza vaccine | 42 | 22.00% | 28 | 22.00% | 0 | 0.99 |
Zoster vaccine | 176 | 92.10% | 119 | 93.70% | 0.275 | 0.6 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 168 | 88.00% | 108 | 85.00% | 0.567 | 0.451 |
DTP vaccine | 82 | 42.90% | 48 | 37.70% | 0.833 | 0.361 |
Baseline Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age (y) | ||
60–69 | 18 | 5.7 |
70–79 | 77 | 24.2 |
80–89 | 144 | 45.3 |
≥90 | 79 | 24.8 |
Female | 234 | 73.6 |
Ethnicity | ||
Thai | 296 | 93.1 |
Chinese | 22 | 6.9 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 19 | 6 |
Married | 143 | 45 |
Divorced | 8 | 2.5 |
Widow | 148 | 46.5 |
Children living in the same home | 36 | 11.3 |
Education | ||
Elementary school or lower | 178 | 56 |
High school | 61 | 19.2 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 79 | 24.8 |
Accommodation | ||
House/condominium | 308 | 96.9 |
Nursing home | 10 | 3.1 |
BMI (n = 298) | ||
<18.5 | 42 | 13.2 |
18.5–22.9 | 124 | 39 |
23–24.9 | 65 | 20.4 |
25–30 | 58 | 18.2 |
>30 | 9 | 2.8 |
Ambulation | ||
Bedbound | 61 | 19.2 |
Ambulation | 257 | 80.8 |
Feeding | ||
Oral | 286 | 89.9 |
Tube feeding | 32 | 10.1 |
Hearing impairment | 109 | 34.3 |
Visual problems | ||
Blindness | 30 | 9.4 |
Visual impairment | 74 | 23.3 |
Normal | 214 | 67.3 |
History of smoking | 49 | 15.4 |
History of alcohol consumption | 5 | 1.6 |
Food allergy | 13 | 4.1 |
Drug allergy | 88 | 27.7 |
History of vaccination | ||
Influenza vaccine | 288 | 90.6 |
Zoster vaccine | 49 | 15.4 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 134 | 42.1 |
DTP vaccine | 140 | 44 |
Underlying disease | ||
Diabetes | 91 | 28.6 |
Chronic kidney disease | 34 | 10.7 |
Respiratory disease | 37 | 11.6 |
Psychiatric illness | 40 | 12.6 |
Subjective cognitive complaints | 269 | 84.6 |
Dementia diagnosis | 194 | 61 |
History of falls in the past year | 100 | 31.4 |
Hospitalization in the past year | 96 | 30.2 |
Perceived overall health status | ||
Worst/bad | 40 | 12.6 |
Average | 125 | 39.3 |
Good/best | 153 | 48.1 |
Characteristics | Acceptance | Hesitancy | χ2 | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 191) | (n = 127) | |||||
n | % | n | % | |||
Age (y) | ||||||
60–69 | 11 | 5.80% | 7 | 5.50% | 3.132 | 0.372 |
70–79 | 41 | 21.50% | 36 | 28.30% | ||
80–89 | 86 | 45.00% | 58 | 45.70% | ||
≥90 | 53 | 27.70% | 26 | 20.50% | ||
Female | 140 | 73.30% | 94 | 74.00% | 0.2 | 0.887 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Thai | 175 | 91.60% | 121 | 95.30% | 1.58 | 0.209 |
Chinese | 16 | 8.40% | 6 | 4.70% | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 10 | 5.20% | 9 | 7.10% | 0.846 | 0.839 |
Married | 87 | 45.50% | 56 | 44.10% | ||
Divorced | 4 | 2.10% | 4 | 3.10% | ||
Widow | 90 | 47.10% | 58 | 45.70% | ||
Children living in the same home | 21 | 11.00% | 15 | 11.80% | 0.051 | 0.822 |
Education level | ||||||
Elementary school or lower | 108 | 56.50% | 70 | 55.10% | 0.227 | 0.893 |
High school | 35 | 18.30% | 26 | 20.50% | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 48 | 25.10% | 31 | 24.40% | ||
Accommodation | ||||||
House/condominium | 187 | 97.90% | 121 | 95.30% | 1.733 | 0.206 |
Nursing home | 4 | 2.10% | 6 | 4.70% | ||
BMI (n = 298) | ||||||
<18.5 | 25 | 13.70% | 17 | 14.70% | 1.595 | 0.81 |
18.5–22.9 | 75 | 41.20% | 49 | 42.20% | ||
23–24.9 | 40 | 22.00% | 25 | 21.60% | ||
25–30 | 38 | 20.90% | 20 | 17.20% | ||
>30 | 4 | 2.20% | 5 | 4.30% | ||
Ambulation | ||||||
Bedbound | 30 | 15.70% | 31 | 24.40% | 3.727 | 0.054 |
Ambulation | 161 | 84.30% | 96 | 75.60% | ||
Feeding | ||||||
Oral | 174 | 91.10% | 112 | 88.20% | 0.714 | 0.398 |
Tube feeding | 17 | 8.90% | 15 | 11.80% | ||
Hearing impairment | 65 | 34.00% | 44 | 34.60% | 0.013 | 0.91 |
Visual problems | ||||||
Blindness | 17 | 8.90% | 13 | 10.20% | 1.202 | 0.548 |
Visual impairment | 41 | 21.50% | 33 | 26.00% | ||
Normal | 133 | 69.60% | 81 | 63.80% | ||
History of smoking | 28 | 14.70% | 21 | 16.50% | 0.206 | 0.65 |
History of alcohol consumption | 4 | 2.10% | 1 | 0.80% | 0.842 | 0.652 |
Food allergy | 8 | 4.20% | 5 | 3.90% | 0.012 | 0.912 |
Drug allergy | 52 | 27.20% | 36 | 28.30% | 0.048 | 0.827 |
History of vaccination | ||||||
Influenza vaccine | 174 | 91.10% | 114 | 89.80% | 0.159 | 0.69 |
Zoster vaccine | 34 | 17.80% | 15 | 11.80% | 2.1 | 0.147 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 87 | 45.50% | 47 | 37.00% | 2.283 | 0.131 |
DTP vaccine | 89 | 46.60% | 51 | 40.20% | 1.284 | 0.257 |
Underlying disease | ||||||
Diabetes | 57 | 29.80% | 34 | 26.80% | 0.352 | 0.553 |
Chronic kidney disease | 23 | 12.00% | 11 | 8.70% | 0.913 | 0.339 |
Respiratory disease | 22 | 11.50% | 15 | 11.80% | 0.006 | 0.936 |
Psychiatric illness | 21 | 11.00% | 19 | 15.00% | 1.091 | 0.296 |
Subjective cognitive complaints | 158 | 82.70% | 111 | 87.40% | 1.281 | 0.258 |
Dementia diagnosis | 112 | 58.60% | 82 | 64.60% | 1.127 | 0.288 |
History of falls in the past year | 57 | 29.80% | 43 | 33.90% | 0.57 | 0.45 |
Hospitalization in the past year | 56 | 29.30% | 40 | 31.50% | 0.171 | 0.679 |
Perceived overall health status | ||||||
Worst/bad | 19 | 9.90% | 21 | 16.50% | 4.737 | 0.094 |
Average | 72 | 37.70% | 53 | 41.70% | ||
Good/best | 100 | 52.40% | 53 | 41.70% |
COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccine-Related Information | Acceptance | Hesitancy | χ2 | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 191) | (n = 127) | |||||
n | % | n | % | |||
How much do you know about COVID-19? | ||||||
Nothing | 24 | 12.60% | 15 | 11.80% | 0.096 | 0.992 |
Little | 57 | 29.80% | 39 | 30.70% | ||
Quite a lot | 100 | 52.40% | 67 | 52.80% | ||
A lot | 10 | 5.20% | 6 | 4.70% | ||
What is your primary source of COVID-19 information? | ||||||
Television, radio | 81 | 42.40% | 57 | 44.90% | 7.022 | 0.219 |
Newspapers | 1 | 0.50% | 3 | 2.40% | ||
Friends | 33 | 17.30% | 16 | 12.60% | ||
News websites | 24 | 12.60% | 15 | 11.80% | ||
Social networks | 44 | 23.00% | 35 | 27.60% | ||
Other | 8 | 4.20% | 1 | 0.80% | ||
What is your level of confidence in governmental and public health information on COVID-19? | ||||||
Not confident * | 24 | 12.60% | 22 | 17.30% | 9.898 | 0.019 |
Quite unconfident | 35 | 18.30% | 31 | 24.40% | ||
Quite confident | 106 | 55.50% | 69 | 54.30% | ||
Confident | 26 | 13.60% | 5 | 3.90% | ||
How confident are you in Thailand’s healthcare system’s ability to treat COVID-19 patients? | ||||||
Not confident | 17 | 8.90% | 12 | 9.40% | 7.647 | 0.054 |
Quite unconfident | 21 | 11.00% | 28 | 22.00% | ||
Quite confident | 110 | 57.60% | 65 | 51.20% | ||
Confident | 43 | 22.50% | 22 | 17.30% | ||
How effective are the government’s measures for controlling COVID-19 infection? | ||||||
Insufficient | 74 | 38.70% | 68 | 53.50% | 6.885 | 0.076 |
Somewhat insufficient | 71 | 37.20% | 36 | 28.30% | ||
Somewhat sufficient | 43 | 22.50% | 22 | 17.30% | ||
Sufficient | 3 | 1.60% | 1 | 0.80% | ||
What is your risk of being infected with COVID-19? | ||||||
Very low | 24 | 12.60% | 11 | 8.70% | 3.974 | 0.264 |
Low | 89 | 46.60% | 59 | 46.50% | ||
High | 58 | 30.40% | 35 | 27.60% | ||
Very high | 20 | 10.50% | 22 | 17.30% | ||
What are the chances that you will experience a severe COVID-19 infection or associated life-threatening condition? | ||||||
Very low | 20 | 10.50% | 5 | 3.90% | 6.933 | 0.074 |
Low | 84 | 44.00% | 57 | 44.90% | ||
High | 61 | 31.90% | 38 | 29.90% | ||
Very high | 26 | 13.60% | 27 | 21.30% | ||
Do you feel uneasy/anxious/agitated/sad/worried when you have to practice social distancing? | ||||||
Never * | 145 | 75.90% | 78 | 61.40% | 7.859 | 0.049 |
Sometimes | 38 | 19.90% | 42 | 33.10% | ||
Often | 6 | 3.10% | 5 | 3.90% | ||
Always | 2 | 1.00% | 2 | 1.60% | ||
Do you know anyone who has had a severe reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||
No | 171 | 89.50% | 107 | 84.30% | 1.932 | 0.165 |
Yes | 20 | 10.50% | 20 | 15.70% | ||
Do you intend to be vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||||
No | 4 | 2.10% | 8 | 6.30% | 3.714 | 0.071 |
Yes | 187 | 97.90% | 119 | 93.70% | ||
Have you already been vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||||
No * | 37 | 19.40% | 37 | 29.10% | 4.071 | 0.044 |
Yes | 154 | 80.60% | 90 | 70.90% | ||
Do you refuse to authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care? | ||||||
No * | 175 | 91.60% | 100 | 78.70% | 10.827 | 0.001 |
Yes | 16 | 8.40% | 27 | 21.30% | ||
Did the manufacturer influence your decision to authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care? | ||||||
No * | 100 | 52.40% | 28 | 22.00% | 29.137 | <0.001 |
Yes | 91 | 47.60% | 99 | 78.00% | ||
Would you authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care if the manufacturer was different from what you expected? | ||||||
No * | 33 | 17.30% | 32 | 25.20% | 11.606 | 0.003 |
Yes | 128 | 67.00% | 61 | 48.00% | ||
Unsure | 30 | 15.70% | 34 | 26.80% |
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p Value | aOR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Current residential area | ||||||
Bangkok | Ref | |||||
Other province | 1.589 | 1.000–2.527 | 0.05 | 1.476 | 0.877–2.486 | 0.143 |
What is your level of confidence in governmental and public health information on COVID-19? | ||||||
Not confident | Ref | |||||
Quite unconfident | 0.966 | 0.455–2.053 | 0.929 | 1.126 | 0.483–2.627 | 0.784 |
Quite confident | 0.71 | 0.370–1.365 | 0.304 | 1.26 | 0.598–2.656 | 0.543 |
Confident | 0.21 | 0.069–0.642 | 0.006 | 0.374 | 0.111–1.258 | 0.112 |
Do you feel uneasy/anxious/agitated/sad/worried when you have to practice social distancing? | ||||||
Never | Ref | |||||
Sometimes * | 2.055 | 1.224–3.449 | 0.006 | 2.508 | 1.400–4.491 | 0.002 |
Often | 1.549 | 0.458–5.238 | 0.481 | 1.54 | 0.392–6.048 | 0.536 |
Always | 1.859 | 0.257–13.453 | 0.539 | 1.331 | 0.176–10.083 | 0.782 |
Have you already had a COVID-19 vaccination? | ||||||
No | 1.711 | 1.013–2.892 | 0.045 | 1.287 | 0.697–2.376 | 0.419 |
Yes | Ref | |||||
Do you refuse to authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care? | ||||||
No | Ref | |||||
Yes * | 2.953 | 1.518–5.745 | 0.001 | 3.779 | 1.652–8.648 | 0.002 |
Did the manufacturer influence your decision to authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care? * | ||||||
No * | 0.257 | 0.155–0.427 | <0.001 | 0.267 | 0.152–0.471 | <0.001 |
Yes | Ref | |||||
Would you authorize COVID-19 vaccination for the older adults under your care if the manufacturer was different from what you expected? | ||||||
No | 2.035 | 1.146–3.612 | 0.015 | 1.04 | 0.516–2.096 | 0.913 |
Yes | Ref | |||||
Unsure | 2.378 | 1.334–4.239 | 0.003 | 1.248 | 0.637–2.446 | 0.518 |
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Thanapluetiwong, S.; Chansirikarnjana, S.; Charernwat, P.; Saranburut, K.; Ittasakul, P. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Caregivers’ Hesitancy in Immunizing Dependent Older Adults with COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101748
Thanapluetiwong S, Chansirikarnjana S, Charernwat P, Saranburut K, Ittasakul P. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Caregivers’ Hesitancy in Immunizing Dependent Older Adults with COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101748
Chicago/Turabian StyleThanapluetiwong, Saran, Sirintorn Chansirikarnjana, Piangporn Charernwat, Krittika Saranburut, and Pichai Ittasakul. 2022. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Caregivers’ Hesitancy in Immunizing Dependent Older Adults with COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Survey" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101748