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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 5
10.3390/antiox14050572
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Review

The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential

by
Daniele Grifoni
1,2,
Elisa Bustaffa
3,
Laura Sabatino
3,
Francesca Calastrini
1,2,
Fabrizio Minichilli
3,
Melania Gaggini
3,
Sergio Berti
4 and
Cristina Vassalle
5,*
1
Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
2
Laboratory of Monitoring and Environmental Modelling for the Sustainable Development (LaMMA Consortium), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
3
Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
4
Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G Monasterio, Ospedale del Cuore “Gaetano Pasquinucci”, Via Aurelia Sud, 54100 Massa, Italy
5
Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G Monasterio, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(5), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050572 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 7 May 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress Induced by Air Pollution, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of particles with different adverse effects on health, especially on the cardiovascular (CV) risk and disease (e.g., increased risk of total and CV mortality, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes). Since oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the main key mechanisms by which PM exerted its biological effects on health, several oxidative and inflammatory-related biomarkers have been measured and associated with PM; abnormalities in these parameters in relation to PM highlight the key role of this relationship in terms of adverse health effects, including CV conditions. Antioxidant strategies might prevent/reverse, almost partly, CV effects related to PM exposure, by addressing OS and inflammation, although the clinical gain of these interventional tools is not yet clearly demonstrated. This review aims to summarize PM source and composition, discussing OS and inflammatory events associated with environmental PM exposure as key mechanistic determinants of CV risk and acute event precipitation. Moreover, the modifying potential of antioxidants, especially in subjects more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution and/or more highly exposed, will be discussed as a promising research area beyond conventional strategies actually available to prevent the harmful effects of PM (e.g., reduction of pollution sources and population exposure, assessment of air quality standards) in order to better face this dark triad composed of PM, OS and CV disease.
Keywords: oxidative stress; particulate matter; cardiovascular disease; acute myocardial infarction; health; antioxidants; PM2.5 oxidative stress; particulate matter; cardiovascular disease; acute myocardial infarction; health; antioxidants; PM2.5

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grifoni, D.; Bustaffa, E.; Sabatino, L.; Calastrini, F.; Minichilli, F.; Gaggini, M.; Berti, S.; Vassalle, C. The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050572

AMA Style

Grifoni D, Bustaffa E, Sabatino L, Calastrini F, Minichilli F, Gaggini M, Berti S, Vassalle C. The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(5):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050572

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grifoni, Daniele, Elisa Bustaffa, Laura Sabatino, Francesca Calastrini, Fabrizio Minichilli, Melania Gaggini, Sergio Berti, and Cristina Vassalle. 2025. "The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential" Antioxidants 14, no. 5: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050572

APA Style

Grifoni, D., Bustaffa, E., Sabatino, L., Calastrini, F., Minichilli, F., Gaggini, M., Berti, S., & Vassalle, C. (2025). The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential. Antioxidants, 14(5), 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050572

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