Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Production by N-acetylcysteine Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood Induced by Lead Exposure during Lactation in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animals
2.3. Lead Exposure and N-acetyl-L-cysteine Treatment
2.4. Behavioral Test
2.4.1. Buried Food Location Test (BFLT)
2.4.2. Novel Object Recognition Test (NOR)
2.5. Tissue Collection and Treatment
2.6. GSH and GSSG Levels
2.7. Lipoperoxidation
2.8. Kynurenic Acid Determination
2.9. Kynurenine Aminotransferase Activity
2.10. Glutamate Quantification
2.11. Protein Quantification
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NAC Attenuates Memory Dysfunction Induced by Pb2+ Exposure during Early Life
3.2. Fluctuations in Brain KYNA Levels Are Prevented by NAC Administration
3.3. Effect of NAC Co-Administration on Brain Glutamate Level Fluctuations Induced by Pb2+ Exposure
3.4. Redox Environment Alteration Induced by Pb2+ Exposure Is Prevented by NAC Administration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ovalle Rodríguez, P.; Ramírez Ortega, D.; Blanco Ayala, T.; Roldán Roldán, G.; Pérez de la Cruz, G.; González Esquivel, D.F.; Gómez-Manzo, S.; Sánchez Chapul, L.; Salazar, A.; Pineda, B.; et al. Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Production by N-acetylcysteine Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood Induced by Lead Exposure during Lactation in Mice. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122035
Ovalle Rodríguez P, Ramírez Ortega D, Blanco Ayala T, Roldán Roldán G, Pérez de la Cruz G, González Esquivel DF, Gómez-Manzo S, Sánchez Chapul L, Salazar A, Pineda B, et al. Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Production by N-acetylcysteine Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood Induced by Lead Exposure during Lactation in Mice. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122035
Chicago/Turabian StyleOvalle Rodríguez, Paulina, Daniela Ramírez Ortega, Tonali Blanco Ayala, Gabriel Roldán Roldán, Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz, Dinora Fabiola González Esquivel, Saúl Gómez-Manzo, Laura Sánchez Chapul, Aleli Salazar, Benjamín Pineda, and et al. 2023. "Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Production by N-acetylcysteine Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood Induced by Lead Exposure during Lactation in Mice" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122035