Author Contributions
Conceptualization, N.S., A.M.S., D.W. and R.G.F.; formal analysis, W.L.; funding acquisition, A.M.S. and D.W.; investigation, N.S., A.M.S., R.G.F., S.H. (Sara Huber) and D.N.; methodology, N.S., A.M.S. and R.G.F.; project administration, A.M.S. and D.W.; resources, B.K., D.N., E.K. and S.H. (Sarah Hochmann); supervision, A.M.S. and D.W.; validation, N.S., A.M.S. and R.G.F.; visualization, N.S. and W.L.; writing—original draft, N.S.; writing—review and editing, N.S., A.M.S., D.W., R.G.F., J.A.M., S.H. (Sara Huber), B.K. and D.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and detoxification. H2S is produced from L-cysteine with or without homocysteine by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in the cytosol and from 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP) by 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in mitochondria. The detoxification is catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and subsequently by thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) or ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1). This process takes place in the mitochondria. Cysteine aminotransferase (CAT); D-amino acid oxidase (DAO); electron (e−), coenzyme Q (CoQ); glutathione persulfide (GSSH); thiosulfate (SSO32−); sulfite (SO32−); glutathione (GSH); ammonia (NH3).
Figure 1.
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and detoxification. H2S is produced from L-cysteine with or without homocysteine by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in the cytosol and from 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP) by 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in mitochondria. The detoxification is catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and subsequently by thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) or ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1). This process takes place in the mitochondria. Cysteine aminotransferase (CAT); D-amino acid oxidase (DAO); electron (e−), coenzyme Q (CoQ); glutathione persulfide (GSSH); thiosulfate (SSO32−); sulfite (SO32−); glutathione (GSH); ammonia (NH3).
Figure 2.
Assessment of staining intensity. (A) 0 = no staining (case number 36677: adult with Crohn’s disease; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) antibody), (B) 1 = weak staining (case number 21480: child with Crohn’s disease; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) antibody), (C) 2 = moderate staining (case number 10145: adult from control group; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) antibody), (D) 3 = strong staining (case number 13366: child from control group; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) antibody). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 2.
Assessment of staining intensity. (A) 0 = no staining (case number 36677: adult with Crohn’s disease; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) antibody), (B) 1 = weak staining (case number 21480: child with Crohn’s disease; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) antibody), (C) 2 = moderate staining (case number 10145: adult from control group; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) antibody), (D) 3 = strong staining (case number 13366: child from control group; biopsy of the ascending colon stained with ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) antibody). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 3.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the terminal ileum of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. ** = p-value < 0.01.
Figure 3.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the terminal ileum of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. ** = p-value < 0.01.
Figure 4.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the rectum of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300.
Figure 4.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the rectum of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300.
Figure 5.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the ascending colon of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05.
Figure 5.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the ascending colon of pediatric (P) and adult (A) healthy controls. Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05.
Figure 6.
Immunohistochemical staining of 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) (a,f,k), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) (b,g,l), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) (c,h,m), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) (d,i,n) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) (e,j,o) in the ascending colon of an pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) patient (case number: 21480; a–e), ulcerative colitis (UC) patient (case number: 17921; f–j) and a healthy control (case number: 41952; k–o). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 6.
Immunohistochemical staining of 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) (a,f,k), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) (b,g,l), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) (c,h,m), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) (d,i,n) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) (e,j,o) in the ascending colon of an pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) patient (case number: 21480; a–e), ulcerative colitis (UC) patient (case number: 17921; f–j) and a healthy control (case number: 41952; k–o). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 7.
Immunohistochemical staining of 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) (a,f,k), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) (b,g,l), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) (c,h,m), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) (d,i,n) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) (e,j,o) in the ascending colon of an adult Crohn’s disease (CD) patient (case number: 1593; a–e), ulcerative colitis (UC) patient (case number: 118884; f–j) and a healthy control (case number: 14411; k–o). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 7.
Immunohistochemical staining of 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST) (a,f,k), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) (b,g,l), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1) (c,h,m), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) (d,i,n) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) (e,j,o) in the ascending colon of an adult Crohn’s disease (CD) patient (case number: 1593; a–e), ulcerative colitis (UC) patient (case number: 118884; f–j) and a healthy control (case number: 14411; k–o). Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 8.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the terminal ileum in Crohn’s disease (CD) compared to healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05.
Figure 8.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the terminal ileum in Crohn’s disease (CD) compared to healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05.
Figure 9.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the rectum of ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p-value < 0.001.
Figure 9.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the rectum of ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p-value < 0.001.
Figure 10.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the ascending colon in Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.
Figure 10.
Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) in pediatric (P) and adult (A) samples in the ascending colon in Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (C). Range of expression levels from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 300. * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.
Table 1.
Total number of patients used for this study per group and their characteristics. P-IBD: children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); A-IBD: adults with IBD; pediatric controls and adult controls. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: ulcerative colitis.
Table 1.
Total number of patients used for this study per group and their characteristics. P-IBD: children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); A-IBD: adults with IBD; pediatric controls and adult controls. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: ulcerative colitis.
Groups | Number of Patients | Age: Mean (Range), in Years | Sex: Male/Female | Location of Biopsy |
---|
Terminal Ileum | Ascending Colon | Rectum |
---|
P-IBD | CD | 11 | 12.2 (7–17) | 5/6 | X | X | |
UC | 11 | 13.2 (4–16) | 4/7 | | X | X |
A-IBD | CD | 11 | 27.8 (18–42) | 3/8 | X | X | |
UC | 14 | 47.2 (19–83) | 6/8 | | X | X |
Controls | Pediatric | 14 | 11.9 (3–17) | 6/8 | X | X | X |
Adults | 12 | 57.8 (22–77) | 4/8 | X | X | X |
Table 2.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the terminal ileum of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). ** = p-value < 0.01.
Table 2.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the terminal ileum of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). ** = p-value < 0.01.
Controls—Terminal Ileum | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CP | 165 (85) | 110 (53) | 228 (95) | 53 (37) | 237 (73) |
CA | 119 (96) | 42 (45) | 145 (89) | 38 (36) | 191 (92) |
Reduction Cp − CA | 46 (28%) | 68 (62%) | 83 (36%) | 15 (28%) | 46 (19%) |
p-value | 0.5236 | 0.0086 ** | 0.1155 | 0.7397 | 0.3588 |
Table 3.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the rectum of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST).
Table 3.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the rectum of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST).
Controls—Rectum | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CP | 186 (47) | 108 (56) | 258 (33) | 143 (75) | 232 (70) |
CA | 118 (79) | 68 (53) | 216 (66) | 144 (74) | 211 (79) |
Reduction Cp − CA | 68 (37%) | 40 (37%) | 42 (16%) | −1 (−1%) | 21 (9%) |
p-value | 0.0914 | 0.0852 | 0.072 | 0.8591 | 0.6195 |
Table 4.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05.
Table 4.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon of the healthy control group (C) separated by age group. Pediatric (P); adult (A). cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05.
Controls—Ascending Colon | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CP | 210 (46) | 75 (46) | 262 (44) | 164 (56) | 258 (37) |
CA | 122 (94) | 59 (64) | 206 (77) | 119 (92) | 208 (89) |
Reduction Cp − CA | 88 (42%) | 16 (21%) | 56 (21%) | 45 (27%) | 50 (19%) |
p-value | 0.0224 * | 0.1374 | 0.1259 | 0.275 | 0.2943 |
Table 5.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the terminal ileum in the Crohn’s disease group (CD) separated by age group compared to age matched controls (C). Pediatric (P); adult (A), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05.
Table 5.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the terminal ileum in the Crohn’s disease group (CD) separated by age group compared to age matched controls (C). Pediatric (P); adult (A), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST), ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1), sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05.
CD—Terminal Ileum | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CDA | 65 (53) | 35 (32) | 127 (82) | 42 (46) | 126 (77) |
CA | 119 (96) | 42 (45) | 145 (89) | 38 (36) | 191 (92) |
Reduction CA − CDA | 54 (46%) | 7 (17%) | 18 (12%) | −4 (−11%) | 65 (34%) |
p-valueA | 0.139 | 0.5036 | 0.8129 | 0.9343 | 0.2533 |
CDP | 154 (88) | 49 (35) | 236 (75) | 92 (96) | 184 (99) |
CP | 165 (85) | 110 (53) | 228 (95) | 53 (37) | 237 (73) |
Reduction CP − CDP | 11 (7%) | 61 (56%) | −8 (−4%) | −39 (−74%) | 53 (22%) |
p-valueP | 0.8985 | 0.0396 * | 0.8132 | 0.6544 | 0.3759 |
Table 6.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the rectum of ulcerative colitis (UC) separated by age group compared to age matched controls (C). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, **= p-value < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.
Table 6.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the rectum of ulcerative colitis (UC) separated by age group compared to age matched controls (C). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, **= p-value < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.
UC—Rectum | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
UCA | 44 (27) | 6 (8) | 131 (70) | 72 (66) | 125 (92) |
CA | 118 (79) | 68 (53) | 216 (66) | 144 (74) | 211 (79) |
Reduction CA − UCA | 74 (62%) | 62 (92%) | 85 (39%) | 72 (50%) | 86 (41%) |
p-valueA | 0.0539 | 3.55 × 10−12 *** | 0.0017 ** | 0.021 * | 0.0101 * |
UCP | 162 (51) | 41 (55) | 244 (48) | 86 (61) | 190 (80) |
CP | 186 (47) | 108 (56) | 258 (33) | 143 (75) | 232 (70) |
Reduction Cp − UCP | 24 (13%) | 67 (62%) | 14 (5%) | 57 (40%) | 42 (18%) |
p-valueP | 0.238 | 0.0162 * | 0.4812 | 0.0632 | 0.1341 |
Table 7.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon in adults with Crohn’s disease (CDA) and adults with ulcerative colitis (UCA) compared to age matched controls (CA). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p-value < 0.001.
Table 7.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon in adults with Crohn’s disease (CDA) and adults with ulcerative colitis (UCA) compared to age matched controls (CA). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01, *** = p-value < 0.001.
Ascending Colon | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CDA | 43 (31) | 9 (6) | 109 (78) | 78 (74) | 143 (79) |
CA | 122 (94) | 59 (64) | 206 (77) | 119 (92) | 208 (89) |
Reduction CA − CDA | 79 (65%) | 50 (85%) | 97 (47%) | 41 (34%) | 65 (31%) |
p-value | 0.0188 * | 0.0004 *** | 0.0026 ** | 0.3113 | 0.0692 |
UCA | 73 (66) | 18 (35) | 110 (76) | 91 (90) | 138 (87) |
CA | 122 (94) | 59 (64) | 206 (77) | 119 (92) | 208 (89) |
Reduction CA − UCA | 49 (40%) | 41 (70%) | 96 (47%) | 28 (23%) | 70 (34%) |
p-value | 0.1266 | 0.0019 ** | 0.0018 ** | 0.6992 | 0.0696 |
Table 8.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon in children with Crohn’s disease (CDP) and children with ulcerative colitis (UCP) compared to age matched controls (CP). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01.
Table 8.
Expression as mean with standard deviation (SD), absolute reduction and percentage as well as p-value of the ascending colon in children with Crohn’s disease (CDP) and children with ulcerative colitis (UCP) compared to age matched controls (CP). Pediatric (P); adult (A); cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE); 3-mercapto-sulfurtransferase (3-MST); ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein (ETHE1); sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). * = p-value < 0.05, ** = p-value < 0.01.
Ascending Colon | 3-MST | CSE | ETHE1 | SQOR | TST |
---|
Expression Level, Mean (SD) |
---|
CDP | 178 (72) | 84 (44) | 228 (54) | 148 (75) | 231 (28) |
CP | 210 (46) | 75 (46) | 262 (44) | 164 (56) | 258 (37) |
Reduction CP − CDP | 32 (15%) | −9 (−12%) | 34 (13%) | 16 (10%) | 27 (10%) |
p-value | 0.4635 | 0.5216 | 0.0837 | 0.5356 | 0.0308* |
UCP | 197 (87) | 75 (65) | 239 (57) | 95 (55) | 202 (54) |
CP | 210 (46) | 75 (46) | 262 (44) | 164 (56) | 258 (37) |
Reduction Cp − UCP | 13 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 23 (9%) | 69 (42%) | 56 (22%) |
p-value | 0.8514 | 0.7052 | 0.3238 | 0.0078 ** | 0.0118 * |