The Effects of Differentiated Organic Fertilization on Tomato Production and Phenolic Content in Traditional and High-Yielding Varieties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Experiment
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Leaf and Tomato Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Phenolic Extraction and Determination
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Fertilization on Tomato Yield
3.2. Productivity of the Different Varieties
3.3. Effect of Fertilization on Mineral Nutrients in Plant Leaves
3.4. Mineral Nutrient Status in Tomato Varieties and Its Effect on δ13C and Nitrate Values
3.5. Phenolic Content
3.6. Plant Nutritional Status, Water Stress Sensitivity, and Oxidative Stress Regulation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Varietal Group | Variety | Type | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pebroter | Cornabel | High-yielding |
2 | Pebroter | Cuban Pepper | Traditional |
3 | Pebroter | Corno Andino | Traditional |
4 | Montserrat | Montserrat Fitó | High-yielding |
5 | Montserrat | Can Duran | Traditional |
6 | Montserrat | Montserrat Ple | Traditional |
N-rich Fertilizer C/N 4 | N-rich+C Fertilizer C/N 10 | N-poor+C Fertilizer C/N 20 | |
---|---|---|---|
Dry weight (%) | - | 53.1 | 58.7 |
C (%) | 40 | 29.5 | 14.4 |
N (%) | 10 | 2.7 | 0.83 |
C/N | 4 | 10.9 | 17.3 |
N-NH4+ (%) | - | 0.5 | 0.1 |
pH | - | 7.8 | 8.94 |
CE (µS/cm) | - | 6010 | 770 |
C (kg/ha) | 1000 | 2741 | 1775 |
N (kg/ha) | 250 | 251 | 102 |
N-NH4 (kg/ha) | - | 46 | 12 |
P (kg/ha) | - | 84 | 37 |
K (kg/ha) | 750 | 158 | 136 |
Mg (kg/ha) | 180 | 74 | 111 |
S (kg/ha) | 510 | 12 | 12 |
Dose (kg/m2) | 0.25/0.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 |
N-rich Fertilizer C/N 4 | N-rich+C Fertilizer C/N 10 | N-poor+C Fertilizer C/N 20 | |
---|---|---|---|
Production (Tn/ha) | 22.05 ± 7.76 | 23.59 ± 10.59 | 18.37 ± 7.58 |
Varietal Group | Variety | Production (Tn/ha) | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pebroter | Cornabel | 32.24 ± 11.57 a |
2 | Pebroter | Cuban Pepper | 20.54 ± 5.51 b |
3 | Pebroter | Corno Andino | 19.04 ± 5.65 b |
4 | Montserrat | Montserrat Fitó | 18.06 ± 5.69 b |
5 | Montserrat | Can Duran | 19.40 ± 8.20 b |
6 | Montserrat | Montserrat Ple | 18.73 ± 7.80 b |
Parameter | Optimal Level | N-rich Fertilizer C/N 4 | N-rich+C Fertilizer C/N 10 | N-poor+C Fertilizer C/N 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2.9–4 | 3.77 ± 0.28 | 3.69 ± 0.42 | 3.73 ± 0.56 |
P (%) | 0.3–0.75 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.08 |
K (%) | 2.1–4.7 | 1.42 ± 0.74 b | 0.91 ± 0.47 a | 1.01 ± 0.49 ab |
Ca (%) | 2.6–7.0 | 3.76 ± 1.28 | 3.06 ± 1.18 | 3.84 ± 1.39 |
Mg (%) | 0.3–0.9 | 0.84 ± 0.23 a | 0.60 ± 0.19 b | 0.66 ± 0.20 ab |
Na (mg/Kg) | 744.65 ± 597.28 ab | 807.68 ± 412.68 a | 492.51 ± 195.72 b | |
Zn (mg/Kg) | 22.61 ± 9.97 a | 16.30 ±7.47 b | 17.16 ± 6.60 ab | |
S (%) | 1.38 ± 0.57 | 1.13 ± 0.48 | 1.19 ± 0.52 | |
Fe (%) | 0.03 ± 0.008 | 0.03 ± 0.010 | 0.03 ± 0.008 | |
Mo (mg/kg) | 6.05 ± 11.56 | 6.56 ± 5.71 | 8.0 ± 6.06 | |
C (%) | 37.12 ± 2.13 | 37.11 ± 2.88 | 37.65 ± 2.01 |
Parameter | Cornabel | Cuban Pepper | Corno Andino | Montserrat Fitó | Can Duran | Montserrat Ple |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 3.59 ± 0.63 | 4.01 ± 0.39 | 3.72 ± 0.32 | 3.74 ± 0.34 | 3.67 ± 0.33 | 3.66 ± 0.48 |
P (%) | 0.21 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.03 |
K (%) | 1.04 ± 0.64 | 1.22 ± 0.62 | 1.18 ± 0.76 | 1.13 ± 0.63 | 0.89 ± 0.49 | 1.22 ± 0.64 |
Na (mg/Kg) | 583.79 ± 483.2 | 540.79 ± 175.07 | 783.13 ± 295.98 | 751.18 ± 455.44 | 501.24 ± 298.83 | 929.53 ± 717.34 |
Mo (mg/kg) | 4.66 ± 3.13 | 5.72 ± 6.52 | 4.84 ± 1.91 | 8.23 ± 7.09 | 5.84 ± 4.84 | 11.96 ± 16.20 |
C (%) | 36.50 ± 2.52 ab | 37.55 ± 1.41 b | 35.28 ± 2.0 a | 38.01 ± 2.32 b | 37.98 ± 2.57 b | 38.44 ± 1.99 b |
Cu (mg/Kg) | 5.89 ± 2.38 ab | 5.17 ± 2.04 a | 6.03 ± 2.02 ab | 8.66 ± 3.03 b | 7.20 ± 3.38 ab | 7.42 ± 2.37 ab |
N-NO3 (µg/g) | 262.06 ± 56.92 ab | 309.91 ± 78.53 ab | 243.17 ±98.74 a | 268.46 ± 118.72 ab | 332.67 ± 65.22 ab | 364.82 ± 70.07 b |
Phenolic Compound | Cornabel | Cuban Pepper | Corno Andino | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | |
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.41 ± 0.11 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.07 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.57 ± 0.16 |
Gallic acid | 12.08 ± 0.62 | 12.87 ± 0.67 | 12.61 ± 0.91 | 12.59 ± 0.63 | 12.65 ± 0.91 | 12.57 ± 0.65 | 12.24 ± 0.44 | 12.24 ± 0.91 | 12.63 ± 0.58 |
Caffeic acid | 0.71 ± 0.63 | 1.70 ± 0.32 | 1.71 ± 0.50 | 1.48 ± 0.27 | 2.16 ± 0.48 | 1.21 ± 0.82 | 2.54 ± 0.24 | 2.76 ± 0.86 | 2.67 ± 1.33 |
Caffeic acid hexoside | 3.66 ± 1.37 | 6.11 ± 2.43 | 6.55 ± 2.62 | 4.03 ± 1.03 | 5.38 ± 1.01 | 6.10 ± 2.60 | 5.86 ± 2.63 | 5.87 ± 1.17 | 5.68 ± 1.91 |
Chlorogenic acid | 5.47 ± 4.57 | 14.08 ± 4.10 | 22.38 ± 6.41 | 13.99 ± 3.07 | 13.36 ± 3.96 | 19.07 ± 12.60 | 10.85 ± 5.09 | 13.38 ± 3.45 | 19.01 ± 2.61 |
Neochlorogenic acid | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.04 |
Cryptochlorogenic acid | 1.20 ± 0.12 | 1.40 ± 0.31 | 1.75 ± 0.41 | 1.18 ± 0.20 | 1.36 ± 0.53 | 1.21 ± 0.65 | 1.49 ± 0.74 | 1.85 ± 0.46 | 1.83 ± 0.39 |
Protocatechuic acid | 1.37 ± 1.00 | 0.68 ± 0.29 | 1.27 ± 0.44 | 0.64 ± 0.23 | 0.70 ± 0.14 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 1.17 ± 0.25 | 1.07 ± 0.49 | 1.14 ± 0.30 |
Dicaffeyolquinic acid | 0.32 ± 0.24 | 0.91 ± 0.42 | 0.91 ± 0.23 | 1.10 ± 0.26 | 0.89 ± 0.38 | 1.05 ± 0.71 | 1.01 ± 0.49 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 1.07 ± 0.08 |
m-Coumaric acid | 2.53 ± 0.63 | 3.78 ± 1.02 | 5.38 ± 0.39 | 6.83 ± 1.86 | 7.05 ± 4.00 | 6.65 ± 1.20 | 2.87 ± 0.13 | 3.79 ± 1.24 | 5.96 ± 1.43 |
o-Coumaric acid | 3.36 ± 1.47 | 4.48 ± 1.30 | 5.24 ± 3.01 | 3.54 ± 0.88 | 4.38 ± 0.79 | 7.58 ± 2.79 | 5.26 ± 0.62 | 6.34 ± 2.89 | 10.78 ± 3.94 |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.71 ± 0.17 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.23 | 1.08 ± 0.21 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | 1.23 ± 0.17 | 1.15 ± 0.44 | 1.26 ± 0.75 | 2.59 ± 1.36 |
Coumaric acid glucoside | 9.03 ± 2.84 | 12.82 ± 2.91 | 16.98 ± 3.66 | 21.73 ± 5.72 | 22.05 ± 9.69 | 21.80 ± 1.75 | 11.50 ± 1.16 | 15.33 ± 1.19 | 23.97 ± 6.39 |
Homovanillic acid glucoside | 0.25 ± 0.03 | nd | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | nd |
Ferulic acid glucoside | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ±0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.16 | 0.65 ± 0.27 | 0.48 ± 0.19 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.73 ± 0.05 |
Rutin | 14.05 ± 5.37 | 14.95 ± 2.81 | 28.53 ± 7.70 | 24.56 ± 3.29 | 29.29 ± 4.72 | 20.85 ± 3.74 | 18.98 ± 10.11 | 20.71 ± 5.31 | 15.80 ± 7.87 |
Quercetin | 1.56 ± 0.12 | 1.58 ± 0.13 | 1.62 ± 0.15 | 1.69 ± 0.14 | 1.97 ± 0.32 | 1.59 ± 0.13 | 1.82 ± 0.41 | 1.76 ± 0.31 | 2.46 ± 1.05 |
Naringenin | 20.34 ± 16.51 | 8.79 ± 9.01 | 10.94 ± 9.44 | 41.83 ± 41.73 | 23.84 ± 19.80 | 59.08 ± 44.40 | 31.16 ± 24.84 | 23.99 ± 14.96 | 36.19 ± 24.14 |
Naringenin glucoside | 11.93 ± 7.35 | 5.93 ± 4.38 | 9.45 ± 2.05 | 6.78 ± 1.48 | 11.99 ± 6.99 | 7.22 ± 4.03 | 13.82 ± 9.56 | 11.91 ± 4.99 | 17.33 ± 12.81 |
Apigenin glucoside | 1.34 ± 0.32 | 1.70 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.39 | 1.60 ± 0.37 | 1.63 ± 0.14 | 2.05 ± 0.25 | 1.73 ± 0.29 | 2.28 ± 0.40 | 2.21 ± 0.67 |
Total phenolics | 90.72 ± 15.54 | 93.21 ± 16.01 | 129.44 ± 23.21 | 145.9 ± 22.05 | 141.19 ± 19.00 | 171.41 ± 65.33 | 124.78 ± 55.78 | 126.99 ± 23.10 | 162.78 ± 30.12 |
Phenolic Compound | Montserrrat Fitó | Can Duran | Montserrat Ple | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | N-rich | N-rich+C | N-poor+C | |
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.56 ± 0.13 | 0.62 ± 0.14 | 0.63 ± 0.09 | 0.69 ± 0.23 | 0.60 ± 0.21 | 0.68 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.99 ± 0.23 |
Gallic acid | 12.40 ± 1.56 | 12.68 ± 0.76 | 12.47 ± 0.58 | 12.31 ± 0.53 | 12.92 ± 0.72 | 12.82 ± 1.05 | 12.13 ± 0.83 | 12.91 ± 0.43 | 12.88 ± 0.84 |
Caffeic acid | 2.29 ± 0.74 | 2.28 ± 0.51 | 3.38 ± 1.83 | 2.26 ± 0.42 | 2.06 ± 0.40 | 1.71 ± 0.81 | 1.59 ± 0.95 | 2.56 ± 0.75 | 1.63 ± 0.93 |
Caffeic acid hexoside | 10.40 ± 6.62 | 11.12 ± 1.42 | 13.11 ± 1.25 | 11.95 ± 1.40 | 15.05 ± 5.87 | 7.78 ± 2.36 | 9.94 ± 2.09 | 10.80 ± 2.92 | 14.98 ± 3.86 |
Chlorogenic acid | 22.09 ± 6.34 | 17.62 ± 2.46 | 20.45 ± 7.86 | 20.94 ± 3.32 | 18.26 ± 1.47 | 14.57 ± 4.01 | 15.47 ± 3.10 | 22.55 ± 15.37 | 14.01 ± 9.33 |
Neochlorogenic acid | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.16 |
Cryptochlorogenic acid | 1.68 ± 1.18 | 1.47 ± 0.74 | 2.19 ± 0.65 | 2.40 ± 0.42 | 1.98 ± 0.27 | 1.84 ± 0.39 | 1.74 ± 0.37 | 1.36 ± 0.34 | 1.40 ± 0.83 |
Protocatechuic acid | 0.62 ± 0.18 | 1.05 ± 0.48 | 0.94 ± 0.24 | 0.64 ± 0.17 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.38 | 0.74 ± 0.30 | 0.84 ± 0.40 | 0.92 ± 0.28 |
Dicaffeyolquinic acid | 1.30 ± 0.51 | 1.09 ± 0.74 | 1.10 ± 0.42 | 1.09 ± 0.71 | 0.90 ± 0.32 | 0.60 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.45 | 1.25 ± 0.69 | 1.07 ± 0.68 |
m-Coumaric acid | 5.92 ± 1.71 | 5.36 ± 0.83 | 7.82 ± 2.12 | 5.97 ± 0.39 | 4.89 ± 1.88 | 5.95 ± 0.82 | 3.99 ± 0.92 | 3.90 ± 1.65 | 5.21 ± 1.78 |
o-Coumaric acid | 11.44 ± 4.16 | 15.98 ± 0.89 | 16.80 ± 4.92 | 12.44 ± 1.45 | 17.55 ± 7.23 | 11.86 ± 2.40 | 9.97 ± 2.80 | 13.07 ± 1.72 | 14.44 ± 2.41 |
p-Coumaric acid | 1.39 ± 0.68 | 2.23 ± 1.19 | 2.46 ± 1.86 | 1.63 ± 0.41 | 1.61 ± 0.22 | 1.79 ± 0.58 | 1.18 ± 0.11 | 1.57 ± 0.34 | 1.02 ± 0.18 |
Coumaric acid glucoside | 26.21 ± 8.06 | 27.67 ± 2.58 | 32.66 ± 5.05 | 26.60 ± 1.98 | 27.80 ± 10.29 | 22.59 ± 4.01 | 18.71 ± 5.08 | 20.77 ± 6.20 | 23.82 ± 4.63 |
Homovanillic acid glucoside | 0.43 ± 0.10 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.57 ± 0.22 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.18 |
Ferulic acid glucoside | 0.89 ± 0.56 | 1.02 ± 0.48 | 1.39 ± 0.64 | 1.23 ± 0.31 | 1.48 ± 0.38 | 1.37 ± 0.39 | 0.86 ± 0.20 | 0.89 ± 0.25 | 0.74 ± 0.20 |
Rutin | 9.63 ± 7.17 | 9.46 ± 6.75 | 0.75 ± 0.29 | 3.47 ± 4.69 | 0.58 ± 0.12 | 2.87 ± 5.98 | 12.23 ± 6.91 | 13.45 ± 10.51 | 13.64 ± 2.51 |
Quercetin | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Naringenin | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Naringenin glucoside | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Apigenin glucoside | 3.18 ± 0.75 | 4.92 ± 1.10 | 4.07 ± 0.53 | 2.22 ± 0.90 | 3.76 ± 1.00 | 2.01 ± 0.43 | 3.36 ± 0.83 | 3.12 ± 1.08 | 5.60 ± 1.21 |
Total phenolics | 110.43 ± 9.59 | 115.16 ± 3.52 | 120.73 ± 4.05 | 123.31 ± 34.86 | 114.37 ± 34.54 | 96.36 ± 10.85 | 94.95 ± 21.83 | 110.08 ± 39.44 | 112.54 ± 10.73 |
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González-Coria, J.; Lozano-Castellón, J.; Jaime-Rodríguez, C.; Olmo-Cunillera, A.; Laveriano-Santos, E.P.; Pérez, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.; Puig, J.; Vallverdú-Queralt, A.; Romanyà, J. The Effects of Differentiated Organic Fertilization on Tomato Production and Phenolic Content in Traditional and High-Yielding Varieties. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112127
González-Coria J, Lozano-Castellón J, Jaime-Rodríguez C, Olmo-Cunillera A, Laveriano-Santos EP, Pérez M, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Puig J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Romanyà J. The Effects of Differentiated Organic Fertilization on Tomato Production and Phenolic Content in Traditional and High-Yielding Varieties. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112127
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Coria, Johana, Julián Lozano-Castellón, Carolina Jaime-Rodríguez, Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera, Emily P. Laveriano-Santos, Maria Pérez, Rosa Mª Lamuela-Raventós, Jordi Puig, Anna Vallverdú-Queralt, and Joan Romanyà. 2022. "The Effects of Differentiated Organic Fertilization on Tomato Production and Phenolic Content in Traditional and High-Yielding Varieties" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112127