Red Cabbage Rather Than Green Cabbage Increases Stress Resistance and Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of RCJ and GCJ
2.3. Determination of Total Phenolics
2.4. Determination of Ascorbic Acid
2.5. Determination of Glucosinolates
2.6. Determination of Total Anthocyanin
2.7. Extraction and HPLC-MS Analysis of Anthocyanins
2.8. Cell Culture and Viability Assay
2.9. RCJ and GCJ Pre-Treatment and H2O2-Induced Oxidative Injury Model
2.10. Assay of LDH in H2O2-Induced Caco-2 Cells
2.11. Strains and Growth Conditions
2.12. Lifespan Assay
2.13. Stress Resistance Assay
2.14. Autofluorescence
2.15. Quantification of Intracellular ROS
2.16. Body Length and Brood Size Assays
2.17. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.18. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Phenolics, Ascorbic Acid, Glucosinolates, and Anthocyanins Contents in RCJ and GCJ and Identification of Anthocyanins in RCJ
3.2. Identification of Anthocyanins in RCJ
3.3. RCJ exhibited Antioxidant Activity in Caco-2 Cells
3.4. RCJ enhanced the Oxidative and Thermal Stress Resistance
3.5. RCJ and GCJ Attenuated Autofluorescence Accumulation but Do Not Affected ROS Level
3.6. RCJ and GCJ Decreased Brood Size and Increased Body Length
3.7. RCJ Extend the Lifespan of Wild-Type C. elegans
3.8. Genetic Requirements for Increased Survival from RCJ Treatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RCJ | GCJ | |
---|---|---|
Phenolics a | 29.95 ± 0.94 | 17.20 ± 0.15 * |
Ascorbic acid | 30.55 ± 0.03 | 21.68 ± 0.17 * |
Glucosinolates b | 70.21 ± 3.64 | 59.66 ± 1.04 * |
Anthocyanins c | 33.87 ± 0.60 | none |
Peak a | Retention Time (min) | [M]+ (m/z) | Fragments (m/z) | Tentative Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.49 | 773.21 | 287.05 | Cyanidin 3-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
2 | 6.60 | 1081.3 | 919.25/502.86/449.11/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(caffeoyl)(p-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
3 | 6.77 | 1111.31 | 1111.31/949.26/606.18/449.11/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(caffeoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
4 | 8.13 | 919.25 | 919.25/757/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
5 | 8.31 | 949.26 | 949.26/787.2/449.11/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
6 | 8.36 | 979.27 | 979.27/817.22/449.11/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside |
7 | 9.15 | 1185.306 | 1185.33/1023.28/993.27/569.31/449.11/287.05 | Cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-(sinapoyl)-glucoside |
Condition | Treatment | Number | Mean Lifespan (Days) a | % of Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
N2 | 0 | 116 | 19.57 ± 0.45 | |
1% RCJ | 150 | 20.63 ± 0.35 | 5.40 | |
2% RCJ | 159 | 21.60 ± 0.32 * | 10.37 | |
3% RCJ | 148 | 22.12 ± 0.29 * | 13.04 | |
5% RCJ | 157 | 25.08 ± 0.48 * | 28.18 | |
1% GCJ | 196 | 19.60 ± 0.45 | 0.16 | |
2% GCJ | 208 | 20.09 ± 0.26 | 2.65 | |
3% GCJ | 227 | 20.26 ± 0.26 | 3.51 | |
5% GCJ | 155 | 20.65 ± 0.48 | 5.50 | |
GR1370 | 0 | 102 | 15.98 ± 0.27 | |
5% RCJ | 105 | 17.41 ± 0.11 * | 8.95 | |
VC199 | 0 | 88 | 18.82 ± 0.40 | |
5% RCJ | 70 | 18.88 ± 0.72 | 0.32 | |
MT2605 | 0 | 77 | 20.47 ± 0.62 | |
5% RCJ | 76 | 21.50 ± 0.24 | 5.03 |
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Zhang, N.; Jiao, S.; Jing, P. Red Cabbage Rather Than Green Cabbage Increases Stress Resistance and Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060930
Zhang N, Jiao S, Jing P. Red Cabbage Rather Than Green Cabbage Increases Stress Resistance and Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(6):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060930
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Nan, Shunshan Jiao, and Pu Jing. 2021. "Red Cabbage Rather Than Green Cabbage Increases Stress Resistance and Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans" Antioxidants 10, no. 6: 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060930