Chemobrain, Olfactory and Lifestyle Assessment in Onco-Geriatrics: Sex-Mediated Differences between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Chemobrain and Oncologic Therapy
1.2. Chemosensory Functions and Chemobrain
1.3. Geriatric and Nutritional Aspects of the Elderly Oncological Patient
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cases | df | Approx. F | Trace Pillai | Num df | Den df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THERAPY | 2 | 1.108 | 0.061 | 8 | 280.000 | 0.358 |
SEX | 1 | 5.172 | 0.130 | 4 | 139.000 | <0.001 |
THERAPY ✻ SEX | 2 | 0.560 | 0.032 | 8 | 280.000 | 0.810 |
Residuals | 142 |
Cases | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE | THERAPY | 22.509 | 2 | 11.255 | 1.257 | 0.288 |
SEX | 121.966 | 1 | 121.966 | 13.618 | <0.001 | |
THERAPY ✻ SEX | 2.181 | 2 | 1.090 | 0.122 | 0.885 | |
Residuals | 1271.776 | 142 | 8.956 | |||
G8 | THERAPY | 1.569 | 2 | 0.784 | 0.163 | 0.850 |
SEX | 18.195 | 1 | 18.195 | 3.785 | 0.054 | |
THERAPY ✻ SEX | 4.849 | 2 | 2.425 | 0.504 | 0.605 | |
Residuals | 682.685 | 142 | 4.808 | |||
Sniffin’ Sticks | THERAPY | 31.685 | 2 | 15.842 | 3.054 | 0.050 |
SEX | 2.541 | 1 | 2.541 | 0.490 | 0.485 | |
THERAPY ✻ SEX | 16.242 | 2 | 8.121 | 1.566 | 0.213 | |
Residuals | 736.525 | 142 | 5.187 | |||
Diet | THERAPY | 3.261 | 2 | 1.630 | 0.481 | 0.619 |
SEX | 5.570 | 1 | 5.570 | 1.642 | 0.202 | |
THERAPY ✻ SEX | 1.132 | 2 | 0.566 | 0.167 | 0.847 | |
Residuals | 481.787 | 142 | 3.393 |
MMSE | SNIFFIN’ TEST | G8 | DIET | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Valid | 92 | 62 | 92 | 62 | 92 | 62 | 86 | 62 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
Mean | 24.963 | 23.587 | 6.315 | 6.774 | 14.011 | 13.452 | 7.884 | 7.565 |
Std. Deviation | 3.154 | 3.151 | 2.223 | 2.432 | 2.265 | 2.317 | 1.704 | 1.989 |
Minimum | 14.400 | 15.700 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 6.000 | 7.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 |
Maximum | 30.400 | 28.100 | 11.000 | 11.000 | 17.000 | 17.000 | 13.000 | 15.000 |
MMSE | SNIFFIN’ TEST | G8 | DIET | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Valid | 70 | 43 | 41 | 70 | 43 | 41 | 70 | 43 | 41 | 67 | 40 | 41 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
Mean | 24.276 | 23.942 | 25.127 | 6.729 | 5.791 | 6.854 | 13.843 | 13.767 | 13.707 | 7.746 | 7.550 | 7.951 |
Std. Deviation | 3.253 | 3.375 | 2.918 | 2.153 | 2.356 | 2.424 | 2.124 | 2.213 | 2.686 | 1.726 | 1.632 | 2.167 |
Minimum | 14.400 | 14.700 | 17.000 | 2.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 7.000 | 7.000 | 6.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 |
Maximum | 29.700 | 30.400 | 29.700 | 11.000 | 11.000 | 11.000 | 17.000 | 16.000 | 17.000 | 13.000 | 10.000 | 15.000 |
Variable | MMSE | SNIFFIN’ STICKS | G8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE | Pearson’s r p-value | – | ||
SNIFFIN’ STICKS | Pearson’s r p-value | 0.226 ** 0.005 | – | |
G8 | Pearson’s r p-value | 0.163 * 0.045 | 0.279 *** <0.001 | – |
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Invitto, S.; Leucci, M.; Accogli, G.; Schito, A.; Nestola, C.; Ciccarese, V.; Rinaldi, R.; Boscolo Rizzo, P.; Spinato, G.; Leo, S. Chemobrain, Olfactory and Lifestyle Assessment in Onco-Geriatrics: Sex-Mediated Differences between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101390
Invitto S, Leucci M, Accogli G, Schito A, Nestola C, Ciccarese V, Rinaldi R, Boscolo Rizzo P, Spinato G, Leo S. Chemobrain, Olfactory and Lifestyle Assessment in Onco-Geriatrics: Sex-Mediated Differences between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(10):1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101390
Chicago/Turabian StyleInvitto, Sara, Mariangela Leucci, Giuseppe Accogli, Andrea Schito, Claudia Nestola, Vincenzo Ciccarese, Ross Rinaldi, Paolo Boscolo Rizzo, Giacomo Spinato, and Silvana Leo. 2022. "Chemobrain, Olfactory and Lifestyle Assessment in Onco-Geriatrics: Sex-Mediated Differences between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy" Brain Sciences 12, no. 10: 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101390