A Naturalistic Study of Youth Referred to a Tertiary Care Facility for Acute Hypomanic or Manic Episode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics and Gender Differences in the Whole Sample
3.2. Comparison between Bipolar Disorders with Prepubertal and Postpubertal Onset
3.3. Comparison between Bipolar Patients with or without ADHD
3.4. Comparison between Bipolar Patients with or without Substance Use Disorders
3.5. Comparison between Patients with or without Severe Suicidal Ideation or Behavior
3.6. Comparison between Bipolar Patients Responders and Nonresponders to Treatments
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (N = 117) | Gender | t or χ2 (df) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males (N = 69) | Females (N = 48) | |||
Age, mean (SD) | 14.59 (2.51) | 14.51 (2.76) | 14.65 (2.13) | 0.29 (115) |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 12.55 (2.99) | 12.41 (3.09) | 12.82 (2.72) | 0.74 (115) |
Prepubertal-onset, N (%) | 39 (33.30) | 27 (39.10) | 11 (22.90) | 2.69 (1) |
CGI Severity (baseline) mean (SD) | 5.56 (.74) | 5.59 (.73) | 5.44 (.72) | 1.10 (115) |
CGI Severity (6th month) mean (SD) | 3.27 (1.29) | 3.34 (1.37) | 3.17 (1.17) | 0.79 (115) |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 37.89 (4.74) | 38.32 (4.63) | 37.53 (4.88) | 0.89 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 52.72 (9.30) | 52.36 (9.40) | 54.11 (9.79) | 0.97 (115) |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 2.44 (.81) | 2.46 (.79) | 2.36 (.82) | 0.66 (115) |
Responders, N (%) | 60 (51.30) | 34 (49.30) | 26 (54.17) | 0.11 (1) |
Suicidality N (%) | 25 (21.40) | 16 (23.20) | 9 (18.70) | 0.120 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | ||||
GAD | 32 (27.40) | 21 (30.40) | 11 (22.90) | 0.47 (1) |
Social phobia | 17 (14.60) | 12 (17.40) | 5 (10.40) | 1.28 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 22 (18.80) | 13 (18.80) | 9 (18.70) | 0.05 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 15 (12.80) | 5 (7.50) | 9 (18.70) | 2.55 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 14 (12.00) | 10 (14.50) | 3 (6.20) | 1.20 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 63 (53.80) | 39 (56.50) | 23 (47.90) | 0.53 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 30 (25.60) | 19 (27.50) | 11 (22.90) | 0.12 (1) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 0.95 (1.160) | 0.96 (1.10) | 0.96 (1.28) | 0.00 (115) |
OCD | 21 (17.90) | 17 (24.60) | 4 (8.20) | 4.06 (1) |
Tic | 4 (3.40) | 4 (5.80) | 0 (0.00) | 1.39 (1) |
ADHD | 31 (26.50) | 20 (29.00) | 10 (20.40) | 0.60 (1) |
ODD | 34 (29.10) | 19 (27.50) | 14 (28.60) | 0.00 (1) |
CD | 25 (21.40) | 11 (15.90) | 13 (26.50) | 1.53 (1) |
ODD + CD | 51 (43.60) | 28 40.60) | 21 (42.80) | 0.02 (1) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 16 (13.70) | 4 (5.80) | 10 (20.40) | 4.73 (1) |
Substance Use Disorder | 33 (28.20) | 14 (20.30) | 8 (16.30) | 0.09 (1) |
Total Comorbidities | 2.30 (1.44) | 2.23 (1.48) | 2.36 (1.43) | 0.47 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.08 (1.23) | 1.12 (1.32) | 1.04 (1.40) | 0.31 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 0.72 (0.71) | 0.70 (0.71) | 0.73 (0.69) | 0.23 (115) |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | ||||
SSRI | 25 (21.40) | 14 (20.30) | 11 (22.90) | 0.00 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 95 (81.20) | 58 (84.10) | 34 (69.40) | 2.21 (1) |
Valproic Acid | 57 (48.70) | 35 (50.70) | 20 (40.80) | 0.60 (1) |
Lithium | 54 (46.20) | 36 (59.20) | 16 (32.60) | 3.34 (1) |
SGAs | 72 (61.50) | 41 (59.40) | 29 (59.20) | 0.01 (1) |
Stimulants | 23 (19.70) | 16 (23.20) | 7 (14.30) | 0.84 (1) |
MS only | 45 (38.50) | 28 (40.60) | 16 (32.60) | 0.36 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 22 (18.80) | 11 (15.90) | 11 (22.90) | 0.50 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 50 (42.70) | 30 (43.50) | 18 (36.70) | 0.21 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 58 (49.60) | 34 (49.30) | 23 (46.90) | 0.00 (1) |
Prepub.-Onset (N = 39) | Adolesc.-Onset (N = 78) | t or χ2 (df) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, Males, N (%) | 27 (69.20) | 42 (53.80) | 1.95 (1) |
Age, mean (SD) | 12.39 (2.65) | 15.70 (1.53) | 8.56 (115) *** |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 8.98 (1.55) | 14.33 (1.62) | 17.08 (115) *** |
CGI Severity (baseline) mean (SD) | 5.61 (.63) | 5.53 (.78) | 0.56 (115) |
CGI Severity (6th month) mean (SD) | 3.43 (1.50) | 3.19 (1.17) | 0.95 (115) |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 37.69 (4.46) | 37.99 (4.99) | 0.32 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 52.23 (1.11) | 52.96 (8.92) | 0.51 (115) |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 2.49 (0.85) | 2.42 (.79) | 0.44 (115) |
Responders, N (%) | 21 (53.80) | 39 (50.00) | 0.04 (1) |
Suicidality, N (%) | 10 (25.60) | 15 (19.20) | 0.31 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | |||
GAD | 10 (25.60) | 22 (28.20) | 0.05 (1) |
Social phobia | 9 (23.10) | 13 (16.70) | 0.34 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 9 (23.10) | 13 (16.70) | 0.34 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 4 (10.20) | 11 (14.10) | 0.09 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 8 (20.50) | 6 (7.70) | 2.93 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 23 (59.99) | 40 (51.30) | 0.35 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 23 (59.00) | 40 (51.30) | 0.35 (1) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 1.08 (1.26) | 0.88 (1.10) | 0.88 (115) |
OCD | 9 (23.10) | 12 (15.40) | 0.059 (1) |
Tic | 2 (5.10) | 2 (2.60) | 0.32 (1) |
ADHD | 25(12.80) | 6 (7.70) | 36.93 (1) *** |
ODD | 17 (43.60) | 17 (21.80) | 4.98 (1) |
CD | 5 (12.80) | 13 (16.70) | 0.07 (1) |
ODD + CD | 21 (53.80) | 20 (25.60) | 7.89 (1) * |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 3 (7.70) | 13 (16.70) | 0.10 (1) |
Substance Use Disorder | 6 (15.40) | 27 (34.60) | 3.85 (1) |
Total Comorbidities | 2.67 (1.49) | 2.11 (1.39) | 2.00 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.23 (1.31) | 1.00 (1.18) | 0.96 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 1.13 (.80) | 0.51 (.55) | 4.91 (115) *** |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | |||
SSRI | 9 (23.10) | 16 (20.50) | 0.01 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 20 (51.30) | 66 (84.60) | 13.17 (1) *** |
Valproic Acid | 10 (25.60) | 37 (47.40) | 4.27 (1) |
Lithium | 14 (10.20) | 40 (51.30) | 5.98 (1) |
SGAs | 26 (66.60) | 46 (59.00) | 0.37 (1) |
Stimulants | 17 (43.60) | 6 (7.70) | 19.00 (1) *** |
MS only | 13 (33.30) | 32 (41.00) | 0.31 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 10 (25.60) | 12 (15.40) | 1.18 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 16 (41.00) | 34 (43.60) | 0.00 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 24 (61.50) | 34 (43.60) | 2.87 (1) |
BD + ADHD (N = 31) | BD w/out ADHD (N = 86) | t or χ2 (df) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, Maled, N (%) | 20 (64.50) | 49 (56.90) | 0.27 (1) |
Age, mean (SD) | 12.60 (2.84) | 15.33 (1.92) | 5.93 (115) *** |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 9.91 (2.57) | 13.50 (2.54) | 6.73 (115) *** |
Prepubertal onset, N (%) | 25 (78.10) | 14 (16.30) | 39.63 (1) *** |
CGI Severity (baseline) mean (SD) | 5.52 (0.62) | 5.53 (.78) | 0.06 (115) |
CGI Severity (6th month) mean (SD) | 3.48 (1.41) | 3.19 (1.17) | 1.12 (115) |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 38.54 (4.95) | 37.99 (4.99) | 0.53 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 50.87 (10.02) | 52.96 (8.92) | 1.08 (115) |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 2.61 (0.83) | 2.42 (0.79) | 1.13 (115) |
Responders, N (%) | 13 (41.90) | 47 (54.60) | 1.01 (1) |
Suicidality, N (%) | 8 (25.80) | 17 (19.80) | 0.20 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | |||
GAD | 7 (22.60) | 25 (29.10) | 0.21 (1) |
Social phobia | 3 (9.70) | 14 (16.30) | 0.36 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 5 (16.10) | 17 (19.80) | 0.03 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 4 (12.90) | 11 (12.80) | 0.09 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 6 (19.30) | 8 (9.30) | 1.34 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 17 (54.80) | 46 (55.40) | 0.01 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 6 (19.40) | 24 (28.90) | 0.43 (81) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 1.00 (1.27) | 0.95 (1.14) | 0.20 (115) |
OCD | 3 (9.70) | 18 (21.70) | 1.27 (1) |
Tic | 2 (6.40) | 2 (2.30) | 0.26 (1) |
ODD | 15 (48.40) | 19 (22.1) | 6.42 (1) |
CD | 4 (12.90) | 21 (24.40) | 1.18 (1) |
ODD + CD | 18 (58.10) | 33 (38.40) | 2.84 (10) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 2 (6.40) | 14 (16.30) | 1.12 (1) |
Substance Use Disorder | 8 (25.80) | 28 (32.60) | 0.22 (1) |
Total Comorbidities | 2.77 (1.31) | 2.13 (1.45) | 2.16 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.03 (1.33) | 1.09 (1.19) | 0.23 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 1.48 (0.57) | 0.44 (0.52) | 9.31 (115) *** |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | |||
SSRI | 5 (16.10) | 20 (23.30) | 0.33 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 24 (77.40) | 71 (82.60) | 0.13 (1) |
Valproic Acid | 16 (51.60) | 41 (47.70) | 0.03 (1) |
Lithium | 12 (38.70) | 42 (48.80) | 0.58 (1) |
SGAs | 20 (64.50) | 52 (60.40) | 0.03 (1) |
Stimulants | 23 (74.20) | 0 (0.00) | 74.79 (1) *** |
MS only | 11 (35.50) | 34 (39.50) | 0.44 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 7 (22.60) | 15 (17.40) | 0.13 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 13 (41.90) | 37 (43.00) | 0.01 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 17 (54.80) | 41 (47.70) | 0.22 (1) |
BD + SUD (N = 33) | BD w/o SUD (N = 84) | t or χ2 (df) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, Males, N (%) | 14 (42.40) | 55 (65.50) | 4.29 (1) |
Age, mean (SD) | 15.60 (1.93) | 14.20 (2.61) | 2.79 (115) * |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 13.76 (2.24) | 12.07 (3.12) | 2.83 (115) * |
Prepubertal onset, N (%) | 6 (18.20) | 33 (39.30) | 3.85 (1) |
CGI Severity (baseline), mean (SD) | 5.76 (0.79) | 5.48 (0.70) | 1.88 (115) |
CGI Severity (6th month), mean (SD) | 3.73 (0.91) | 3.09 (1.38) | 2.46 (115) *** |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 36.88 (4.13) | 38.29 (4.92) | 1.46 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 47.18 (7.89) | 54.89 (8.94) | 4.33 (115) |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 2.85 (0.66) | 2.28 (0.81) | 3.60 (115) *** |
Responders, N (%) | 7 (21.20) | 53 (63.10) | 15.00 (1) *** |
Suicidality, N (%) | 10 (30.30) | 15 (17.80) | 1.51 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | |||
GAD | 11 (33.30) | 21 (25.00) | 0.46 (1) |
Social phobia | 7 (21.20) | 10 (11.90) | 0.99 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 9 (27.30) | 13 (15.50) | 1.46 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 8 (24.20) | 7 (8.30) | 4.04 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 4 (12.10) | 10 (11.90) | 0.08 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 21 (63.60) | 42 (50.00) | 1.69 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 11 (33.30) | 19 (22.60) | 0.92 (1) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 1.00 (1.27) | 0.85 (1.09) | 0.64 (115) |
OCD | 6 (18.20) | 15 (17.80) | 0.05 (1) |
Tic | 1 (3.00) | 3 (3.60) | 0.18 (1) |
ADHD | 5 (15.10) | 26 (31.00) | 1.83 (1) |
ODD | 3 (9.10) | 19 (22.60) | 2.02 (1) |
CD | 18 (54.50) | 21 (25.00) | 8.02 (1) * |
ODD + CD | 20 (60.60) | 33 (39.30) | 3.53 (1) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 8 (24.20) | 8 (9.50) | 3.19 (1) |
Total Comorbidities | 2.77 (1.31) | 1.93 (1.35) | 0.28 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.03 (1.33) | 0.99 (1.17) | 0.16 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 1.48 (.57) | 0.74 (0.75) | 5.11 (115) *** |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | |||
SSRI | 8 (24.20) | 17 (20.20) | 0.05 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 24 (72.70) | 71 (84.50) | 1.46 (1) |
Valproic Acid | 15 (45.40) | 42 (50.00) | 0.06 (1) |
Lithium | 17 (51.50) | 37 (44.00) | 0.27 (1) |
SGAs | 25 (45.40) | 47 (55.90) | 3.13 (1) |
Stimulants | 4 (12.10) | 19 (22.60) | 1.05 (1) |
MS only | 8 (24.20) | 37 (44.00) | 3.13 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 9 (27.30) | 13 (15.50) | 1.46 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 16 (48.50) | 34 (40.50) | 0.34 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 16 (48.50) | 42 (50.00) | 0.00 (1) |
BD + Suicidality (N = 25) | BD w/out Suicidality (N = 92) | t or χ2 (df) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, Maled, N (%) | 16 (64.00) | 53 (58.20) | 0.12 (1) |
Age, mean (SD) | 15.24 (2.44) | 14.42 (2.51) | 1.46 (115) |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 12.84 (3.27) | 12.47 (2.92) | 0.55 (115) |
Prepubertal onset, N (%) | 10 (40.00) | 29 (31.90) | 0.31 (1) |
CGI Severity (baseline) mean (SD) | 5.84 (0.75) | 5.48 (0.72) | 2.20 (115) |
CGI Severity (6th month) mean (SD) | 3.44 (1.42) | 3.23 (1.26) | 0.72 (115) |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 37.76 (3.62) | 37.92 (5.02) | 0.15 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 52.00 (9.77) | 54.89 (8.94) | −1.40 (115) |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 2.44 (0.85) | 2.45 (0.80) | 0.05 (115) |
Responders, N (%) | 12 (40.00) | 48 (52.70) | 0.02 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | |||
GAD | 10 (40.00) | 22 (23.90) | 1.81 (1) |
Social phobia | 5 (20.00) | 12 (13.00) | 0.31 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 9 (36.00) | 13 (14.10) | 4.81 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 6 (24.00) | 9 (9.80) | 2.40 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 3 (12.00) | 11 (12.00) | 0.12 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 18 (72.00) | 45 (48.90) | 3.34 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 12 (48.00) | 18 (19.60) | 6.91 (1) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 1.44 (1.19) | 0.82 (1.12) | 2.42 (115) |
OCD | 3 (12.00) | 18 (19.60) | 0.34 (1) |
Tic | 0 (0.00) | 4 (4.30) | 0.19 (1) |
ADHD | 8 (32.00) | 23 (25.00) | 0.47 (1) |
ODD | 8 (32.00) | 26 (28.3) | 0.01 (1) |
CD | 6 (24.00) | 19 (20.60) | 0.01 (1) |
ODD + CD | 11 (44.00) | 40 (43.50) | 0.03 (1) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 5 (20.00) | 11 (12.00) | 0.50 (1) |
Substance Abuse Disorder | 10 (40.00) | 23 (25.00) | 1.51 (1) |
Total Comorbidities | 2.92 (1.41) | 2.13 (1.41) | 2.48 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.52 (1.19) | 0.96 (1.21) | 2.06 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 0.76 (0.72) | 0.71 (0.70) | 0.31 (115) |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | |||
SSRI | 5 (20.00) | 20 (21.70) | 0.01 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 19 (76.00) | 76 (82.60) | 0.21 (1) |
Valproic Acid | 8 (32.00) | 41 (44.60) | 0.81 (1) |
Lithium | 14 (56.00) | 40 (43.50) | 0.79 (1) |
SGAs | 14 (56.00) | 58 (63.00) | 2.21 (1) |
Stimulants | 7 (28.00) | 16 (17.40) | 0.81 (1) |
MS only | 11 (44.00) | 34 (36.90) | 0.17 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 6 (24.00) | 16 (17.40) | 0.21 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 8 (32.00) | 42 (45.60) | 0.99 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 15 (60.00) | 43 (46.70) | 0.90 (1) |
Responders (N = 60) | Nonresponders (N = 57) | t or χ2 (df) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, Maled, N (%) | 34 (56.70) | 35 (61.40) | 0.11 (1) |
Age, mean (SD) | 14.08 (2.72) | 15.13 (2.16) | 2.30 (115) |
Age at onset, mean (SD) | 12.43 (3.01) | 12.67 (2.99) | 0.43 (115) |
Prepubertal onset, N (%) | 21 (35.00) | 18 (31.60) | 0.04 (1) |
CGI Severity (baseline) mean (SD) | 5.37 (0.69) | 5.75 (0.74) | 2.87 (115) * |
CGI Severity (6th month) mean (SD) | 2.37 (0.64) | 4.00 (1.00) | 10.81 (115) *** |
CGAS Score (baseline), mean (SD) | 38.43 (4.73) | 37.32 (4.72) | 1.27 (115) |
CGAS Score (6th month), mean (SD) | 60.42 (1.67) | 44.61 (6.78) | 17.52 (115) *** |
CGI Improvement, mean (SD) | 1.83 (0.46) | 3.09 (0.58) | 13.82 (115) *** |
Suicidality, N (%) | 14 (23.30) | 13 (22.80) | 0.02 (1) |
Lifetime comorbidity, N (%) | |||
GAD | 18 (30.00) | 14 (24.60) | 0.20 (1) |
Social phobia | 14 (23.30) | 14 (24.60) | 0.00 (1) |
Separation Anxiety | 11 (18.30) | 11 (19.30) | 0.01 (1) |
Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia | 9 (15.00) | 6 (10.50) | 0.20 (1) |
Simple Phobias | 8 (13.30) | 6 (10.50) | 0.03 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 33 (55.00) | 29 (50.90) | 0.07 (1) |
Multiple Anxiety Disorders | 16 (26.70) | 14 (24.60) | 0.00 (1) |
N * of Anxiety Disorders | 1.00 (1.15) | 0.89 (1.17) | 0.51 (115) |
OCD | 12 (20.00) | 9 (15.80) | 0.12 (1) |
Tic | 1 (1.70) | 3 (5.30) | 0.31 (1) |
ADHD | 13 (21.70) | 18 (31.60) | 1.01 (1) |
ODD | 19 (31.70) | 15 (26.30) | 0.19 (1) |
CD | 5 (8.30) | 20 (35.10) | 10.91 (1) *** |
ODD + CD | 23 (38.30) | 28 (49.10) | 2.81 (1) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 7 (11.70) | 9 (15.80) | 0.14 (1) |
Substance Abuse Disorder | 7 (11.70) | 26 (45.69) | 0.15 (1) *** |
Total Comorbidities | 2.08 (1.43) | 2.53 (1.43) | 1.70 (115) |
Total Internalizing Disorders | 1.15 (1.21) | 1.00 (1.23) | 0.66 (115) |
Total Externalizing Disorders | 0.58 (0.62) | 0.86 (0.77) | −2.01 (115) |
Pharmacological Treatment, N (%) | |||
SSRI | 16 (26.70) | 9 (15.80) | 1.46 (1) |
Mood stabilizers | 47 (78.30) | 48 (84.20) | 0.33 (1) |
Valproic Acid | 27 (45.00) | 30 (52.60) | 0.41 (1) |
Lithium | 27 (45.00) | 27 (47.40) | 0.01 (1) |
SGAs | 33 (55.00) | 39 (68.40) | 1.69 (1) |
Stimulants | 8 (13.30) | 15 (26.30) | 2.35 (1) |
MS only | 27 (45.00) | 18 (31.60) | 1.69 (1) |
Antipsychotic only | 13 (21.70) | 9 (15.80) | 0.33 (1) |
MS + Antipsychotics | 20 (33.30) | 30 (52.60) | 3.69 (1) |
Psychotherapy, N (%) | 31 (51.70) | 27 (47.40) | 0.08 (1) |
B | Std. Error | β | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CGAS Score (baseline) | 0.694 | 0.165 | 0.354 | 0.000 |
Age | −0.083 | 0.027 | −0.269 | 0.004 |
Gender | −1.997 | 1.543 | −0.106 | 0.252 |
Psychotherapy | 1.946 | 1.542 | 0.105 | 0.252 |
Total Internalizing Disorders | −0.692 | 0.642 | −0.091 | 0.284 |
Total Externalizing Disorders | −4.990 | 1.183 | −0.378 | 0.000 |
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Masi, G.; Berloffa, S.; Muratori, P.; Mucci, M.; Viglione, V.; Villafranca, A.; Inguaggiato, E.; Levantini, V.; Placini, F.; Pfanner, C.; et al. A Naturalistic Study of Youth Referred to a Tertiary Care Facility for Acute Hypomanic or Manic Episode. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100689
Masi G, Berloffa S, Muratori P, Mucci M, Viglione V, Villafranca A, Inguaggiato E, Levantini V, Placini F, Pfanner C, et al. A Naturalistic Study of Youth Referred to a Tertiary Care Facility for Acute Hypomanic or Manic Episode. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10):689. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100689
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasi, Gabriele, Stefano Berloffa, Pietro Muratori, Maria Mucci, Valentina Viglione, Arianna Villafranca, Emanuela Inguaggiato, Valentina Levantini, Francesca Placini, Chiara Pfanner, and et al. 2020. "A Naturalistic Study of Youth Referred to a Tertiary Care Facility for Acute Hypomanic or Manic Episode" Brain Sciences 10, no. 10: 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100689