Multi-Criteria Analysis of Potential Applications of Waste from Rock Minerals Mining
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Preliminary Qualitative Analysis
- Industrial use of clays: the clays mainly consist of loamy minerals, such as kaolinite, illinite, montmorillonite, and other aluminosilicates, as well as other various components, e.g., quartz grains, apatite, granite, iron hydroxide, etc. The potential uses include: multifunctional sorbent-fertilizers designed for the reclamation of sands [19,20], feed additives, which constitute an important group of preparations in breeding, such as peat humus, zeolites, kaolins, bentonites, and others having a positive effect on production indicators [21,22], insecticides, and fungicides in order to increase the effectiveness of pesticides [23,24,25,26], food industry use of bentonite clay for storing fruit and vegetables in households [27], and environmental protection use of clay as an absorbent to remove heavy metal ions and purification of industrial and drinking water [23,28].
- Rock meals: basalt, granite and serpentine materials from mining waste can be used to produce rock meals, which are created from grinding of the rock. Such meals can be used to improve soil properties by enriching it with minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium. E.g., comprehensive “remineralisation” of the soil substrate with basalt meal [29]. Granite meals are useful on heavy soils as well as light, sandy soils, which are poor in loamy minerals because they increase the water capacity of soils, particularly in the humus layer and include many necessary macro-, micro-, and ultra-microelements, which are necessary for the proper growth of plants. In addition, these rock meal plays a sanitary role, preventing the spread of diseases and pests. The serpentinite meal can provide the soils with many microelements, among others iron and phosphorus [30,31].
- For the production of light, inferior. or hydro-technical aggregates: use of granite waste for the production of aggregates, which allowed to strengthen the strength of aggregates produced and eliminate flux and apply it to various structures (for example, stabilization of landslips and slopes, strengthening of underwater slopes, etc.) [32].
- As a granulate supporting cultivation of plants: granulate contains rock siliceous meal selected from the group of basalt, feldspar, or amphibolite meals. The granulate remains on the soil in unchanged form until atmospheric precipitation, and then it gradually disintegrates and returns to silty form and gradually penetrates into the soil structure [33].
- As fillers for thermoplastics: in the scope of this technology, the gabbro waste can be used as an attractive solution for obtaining inexpensive composites with good thermal and mechanical properties [34].
- Environmental criteria:
- Criterion K1—waste category—dangerous or inert,
- Criterion K2—location in protected natural areas and Main Underground Water Reservoirs,
- Economic criteria:
- Criterion K3—raw materials that are essential for the economy,
- Criterion K4—occurrence above 10 000 thousand Mg,
- Criterion K5—occurrence of loamy raw materials (use e.g., in agriculture or in the food industry),
- Criterion K6—occurrence of raw materials as a source of potassium—meals and small granite fractions,
- Criterion K7—occurrence of raw materials as a source of magnesium—serpentinite, basalt, syenite.
3. Methodology
- a)
- developing the model,
- b)
- deriving weights for the criteria,
- c)
- checking the consistency,
- d)
- deriving local preferences for the alternatives,
- e)
- deriving overall priorities and making the final judgement.
- to construct a n × n pairwise comparison matrix m for analysed criteria, where aij denotes entry in the i th row and the j th column of matrix m,
- aij states the preference score of criterion i to criterion j using the nine-integer value scale suggested by Saaty [37], where:
- ▪
- 1 denotes that criteria i and j are of equal importance,
- ▪
- 3 is moderate importance of i over j,
- ▪
- 5 is strong importance of i over j,
- ▪
- 7 is very strong importance of i over j,
- ▪
- 9 denotes that criterion i is extremely more important than criterion j, and
- ▪
- 2, 4, 6, and 8 are intermediate, optional, values.
- the entries of preference score aij and aji must satisfy the following constraint of Equation (1):
- to establish a normalized pairwise comparison matrix m, the sum of each column must be equal to 1. This can be obtained using Equation (2) to calculate for each entry of the matrix [38],
- to obtain the relative weights, the average across rows is computed using the Equation (3); for each element, the relative weight is within the range of 0 to 1 and a higher weight shows a greater influence of a given element (criterion) [37],
- calculate the eigenvector and the maximum eigenvalue for matrix m,
- next, calculate an approximation to the Consistency Index (CI) according to Equation (4):
- λmax is the maximum eigenvalue of the comparison matrix,
- n is the number of criteria.
- RI is the random consistency index that varies according to the number of criteria in a comparison (n).
- Cwi is the criterion weight,
- Awi is the preference of alternative relative to that criterion,
- n is the number of criteria.
4. Results
- Use in road and railroad construction,
- Use in construction,
- Use in agriculture,
- Use for reclamation/development of post-mining areas,
- Use in the food industry,
- Storage of mining waste.
4.1. Results for Deriving Weights for the Criteria
4.2. Results for Deriving Local Preferences for the Alternatives
5. Discussion and Recommendations Resulting from the Performance of Multicriteria Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Rank | Mining Site | Mineral | Weighted Score |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Krzeniów | basalt | 2.6542 |
2. | Lubień | basalt | 2.3808 |
3. | Grabina Śląska-Kam. 15/27 | granite | 2.0890 |
4. | Gniewków | granite | 1.9811 |
5. | Boguszyce | sands and gravels | 1.9298 |
6. | Romanowo Górne | marble | 1.9022 |
7. | Rogoźnica II | granite | 1.8732 |
8. | Byczeń I | sands and gravels | 1.8722 |
9 | Stróża Górna II | sands and gravels | 1.8722 |
10. | Sulików | basalt | 1.8640 |
11 | Słupiec-Dębówka | gabbro | 1.8640 |
12 | Janina I | sandstone | 1.7326 |
13 | Rybnica Leśna | melaphyre | 1.6864 |
14 | Doboszowice I | gneiss | 1.6564 |
15 | Radostów Średni II, III | sands and gravels | 1.6564 |
16 | Braszowice | gabbro | 1.6482 |
17 | Jenków | schist | 1.5209 |
18 | Nowy Waliszów – soczewka C | marble | 1.5168 |
19. | Połom | limestone | 1.5168 |
20. | Rędziny | dolomite | 1.4892 |
Position | Criterion Name | Weight [%] |
---|---|---|
1. | Use in road and railroad construction | 32.6 |
2. | Use in construction | 25.0 |
3. | Use in agriculture | 15.2 |
4. | Use for reclamation/development of post-mining areas | 15.0 |
5. | Use in the food industry | 9.2 |
6. | Storage of mining waste | 2.9 |
Alternatives (Waste Sites) | Storage | Reclamation/Development | Agriculture | Food Industry | Road/R-Road Construction | Construction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site 1. Krzenów | 0.058 | 0.097 | 0.242 | 0.025 | 0.211 | 0.149 |
Site 2. Lubień | 0.197 | 0.136 | 0.093 | 0.260 | 0.067 | 0.080 |
Site 3. Grabina Śl. | 0.143 | 0.262 | 0.258 | 0.111 | 0.308 | 0.309 |
Site 4. Gniewków | 0.136 | 0.206 | 0.276 | 0.182 | 0.287 | 0.318 |
Site 5. Boguszyce | 0.163 | 0.171 | 0.070 | 0.192 | 0.063 | 0.073 |
Site 6. Romanowo | 0.303 | 0.128 | 0.061 | 0.230 | 0.064 | 0.072 |
Position | Alternatives (Waste Sites) | Overall Priority [%] |
---|---|---|
1. | Site 3. Grabina Śl. | 27.1 |
2. | Site 4. Gniewków | 26.7 |
3. | Site 1. Krzeniów | 16.1 |
4. | Site 2. Lubień | 10.6 |
5. | Site 5. Boguszyce | 9.8 |
6. | Site 6. Romanowo G. | 9.7 |
Name of the Mining Plant | Waste | Hierarchy of Potential Use |
---|---|---|
Grabina Śl. | weathered granite | for the manufacture of hydro-technical stones for the manufacture of light aggregates for the manufacture of aggregates of the inferior quality granite rock meal—for improvement of soil properties |
clay | sorbent-fertilizer of montmorillonite rocks for reclamation use of bentonite for soil fertilization use of kaolin as a feed additive use of bentonite clay in the food industry (for storing fruits and vegetables) | |
Gniewków | granite saprolite | for the manufacture of light aggregates granite rock meal—for improvement of soil properties for the manufacture of light aggregates |
clay | use of bentonite for soil fertilization use of kaolin as a feed additive sorbent-fertilizer of montmorillonite rocks for reclamation use of bentonite clay in the food industry (for storing fruits and vegetables) | |
Krzeniów | gangue with overgrowths of weathered basalt basalt-fraction 0–8mm | rock (basalt meal) for improvement of soil properties |
Lubień | clay | use of bentonite clay in the food industry (for storing fruits and vegetables) sorbent-fertilizer of montmorillonite rocks for reclamation use of bentonite for soil fertilization use of kaolin as a feed additive |
Boguszyce | clay | use of bentonite clay in the food industry (for storing fruits and vegetables) sorbent-fertilizer of montmorillonite rocks for reclamation use of bentonite for soil fertilization use of kaolin as a feed additive |
Romanowo Górne | overburden | use of bentonite clay in the food industry (for storing fruits and vegetables) sorbent-fertilizer of montmorillonite rocks for reclamation use of bentonite for soil fertilization use of kaolin as a feed additive |
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Kaźmierczak, U.; Blachowski, J.; Górniak-Zimroz, J. Multi-Criteria Analysis of Potential Applications of Waste from Rock Minerals Mining. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030441
Kaźmierczak U, Blachowski J, Górniak-Zimroz J. Multi-Criteria Analysis of Potential Applications of Waste from Rock Minerals Mining. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(3):441. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030441
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaźmierczak, Urszula, Jan Blachowski, and Justyna Górniak-Zimroz. 2019. "Multi-Criteria Analysis of Potential Applications of Waste from Rock Minerals Mining" Applied Sciences 9, no. 3: 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030441