Chromium (VI) Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- under static conditions from C0 = 1 ÷ 500 mg/dm3.
- -
- under dynamic conditions C0 = 1 mg/dm3.
2.1. Materials
- (a)
- Activated carbon WD—extra—which in the further part of the paper will be called WDA
- (b)
- Activated carbon WD—extra modified with hydrochloric acid (HCl), called WD(HCl)
- (c)
- Activated carbon WD—extra modified with nitric acid HNO3- marked as—WD(HNO3).
2.1.1. Modification of Activated Carbon with Hydrochloric Acid HCl
2.1.2. Modification of Activated Carbon with Nitric Acid HNO3
2.2. Tests under Static Conditions
- (a)
- determination of the solution pH and carbon modification effect on chromium sorption (pH 2–10), for C0 = 10 mg/dm3, carbon dose 1 g/dm3, adsorption time 12 h.
- (b)
- determination of the chromate ions sorption kinetics (for adsorption times from 0.25–12 h).
- (c)
- preparation of Freundlich adsorption isotherms for two selected carbons at three different temperatures 288.15 K (15 °C), 313.15 K (40 °C) and 338.15 K (65 °C) (for C0 = 1–500 mg/dm3 and carbon dose 1 g/dm3).
2.3. Tests under Flow-Through Conditions
- P—sorption capacity of the deposit (mg/g)
- V—volume of treated water (dm3)
- C0, Ck—initial and final concentration of chromium compounds (mg/dm3)
- M—mass of the deposit (g)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of pH
3.2. Effect of Modification on Adsorption
3.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4. Adsorption Isotherms
- →
- X—amount of adsorbed substance [mg]
- →
- M—adsorbent mass [g]
- →
- C—equilibrium concentration [mg/dm3]
- →
- K, n—isotherm constants
3.5. Adsorption Dynamics
4. Conclusions
- The solution pH significantly affected the adsorption capacity of the tested activated carbons. For the WD carbon (HNO3) the adsorption decreased slightly with increasing the solution pH. For carbons WDA and WD (HCl), the effect of the reaction on the chromium adsorption capacity was greater and definitely more beneficial at a lower pH.
- The action of inorganic acids (chemical modification) on activated commercial carbon WD-extra caused a change in its sorption properties. The use of hydrochloric acid contributed to the increase in the adsorption capacity of chromium (VI), by increasing the specific surface area of carbon as a result of the mesoporous ash removal.
- Modification with nitric acid (oxidizing) caused a decrease in the adsorption capacity, most likely associated with a change in the chemical nature of the carbon surface and partial destruction of the pore structure due to carbon oxidation.
- The adsorption time had a significant effect on the efficiency of chromium (VI) removal by the specific coal. For carbon WD(HCl) the adsorption equilibrium occurred after 2.5 h. The maximum reduction of chromate ions with respect to WDA occurred after 4.5 h.
- Analyzing the determined isotherms, it can be concluded that as the temperature increased, the adsorbents showed better adsorption properties, whereas the highest adsorption capacity of chromium (VI) was demonstrated by WD(HCl) modified carbon.
- Adsorption under flow through conditions showed that a modified WD(HCl) carbon bed worked much more efficiently than WDA. The filtration cycle to the bed breakthrough point lasted twice as long, and the chromium compounds were removed almost entirely. Adsorption capacities were obtained PbWD(HCl) = 2.25 mg/g (breakthrough point) and PeWD (HCl) = 4.35 mg/g (after exhaustion).
- In the light of the carried-out research, the modified WD (HCl) carbon effectively removed chromium (VI) compounds from water, which makes it possible to use it in water treatment systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Volume |
---|---|
Density bulk density, [g/L] | 390 ÷ 415 |
Granulation, [mm] | 1 ÷ 1.5 |
Specific surface, [m2/g] | 950 ÷ 1050 |
Aggregate volume of pores, [cm3/g] | 0.85 ÷ 0.95 |
Adsorption of iodine, [mg/g] | 900 ÷ 1000 |
Dechloration capacity, [cm] | 4 ÷ 5 |
Mechanical durability [%] | 90 |
Temperature | N | K | Coefficients R2 |
---|---|---|---|
288.15 K | 0.972 | 1.035 | 0.97 |
313.15 K | 0.973 | 1.238 | 0.93 |
338.15 K | 1.028 | 2.032 | 0.97 |
Temperature | N | K | Coefficients R2 |
---|---|---|---|
288.15 K | 1.179 | 2.454 | 0.94 |
313.15 K | 1.106 | 3.589 | 0.90 |
338.15 K | 1.157 | 5.073 | 0.95 |
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Puszkarewicz, A.; Kaleta, J. Chromium (VI) Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3549. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173549
Puszkarewicz A, Kaleta J. Chromium (VI) Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(17):3549. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173549
Chicago/Turabian StylePuszkarewicz, Alicja, and Jadwiga Kaleta. 2019. "Chromium (VI) Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons" Applied Sciences 9, no. 17: 3549. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173549