Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Pre-Processing
2.3. Mining Sequential Patterns of ContractedDiseases
2.4. Mining Sequential Patterns of Medications Prescribed
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SJS Patients | Population of Taiwan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 266 | 48.81% | 11,626,351 | 50.47% |
Female | 279 | 51.19% | 11,410,680 | 49.53% |
Age | ||||
0–14 | 176 | 32.29% | 3,905,203 | 16.95% |
15–64 | 194 | 35.60% | 16,729,608 | 72.62% |
≧65 | 175 | 32.11% | 2,402,220 | 10.43% |
545 | 100.00% | 23,037,031 | 100.00% |
Disease Category Code | Disease Category Name |
---|---|
1 | Infectious and parasitic diseases |
2 | Neoplasms |
3 | Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders |
4 | Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs |
5 | Mental disorders |
6 | Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs |
7 | Diseases of the circulatory system |
8 | Diseases of the respiratory system |
9 | Diseases of the digestive system |
10 | Diseases of the genitourinary system |
11 | Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium |
12 | Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
13 | Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue |
14 | Congenital anomalies |
15 | Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period |
16 | Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions |
17 | Injury and poisoning |
18 | Supplementary classification of external causes of injury and poisoning |
19 | Supplementary classification of factors influencing health status and contact with health services |
Medication Category Code | Medication Category Name |
---|---|
A | Aminoglycoside antibiotics |
B | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) diuretics |
C | Fluoroquinolones antibiotics |
D | H2-antagonists for peptic ulcer |
E | Lincosamides antibiotics |
F | Nitroimidazole antibiotics |
G | Penicillin antibiotics |
H | Theophylline bronchodilators |
I | Tetracycline antibiotics |
J | Muscle relaxants |
K | Anti-tuberculous agents |
L | Anti-fungal medications |
M | Anticonvulsant agents |
P | Erythromycin antibiotics |
Q | Lipid-lowering medications |
R | Antihypertensive medications |
S | Sulfonamides |
T | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) |
U | Cephalosporin antibiotics |
Patient ID | Number of Outpatient Visits | Disease Category Codes | Medication Category Codes |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | 1 | 8 | K |
2 | 3,7,16 | M,T | |
3 | 8,10,12 | E | |
4 | 8,16,17 | C,T | |
P2 | 1 | 8,17 | M,T |
2 | 8 | T | |
P3 | 1 | 6,8,15 | H,T |
2 | 12 | G | |
P4 | 1 | 8,12 | D,T |
2 | 3,8 | H | |
3 | 6,7,9 | T,U | |
4 | 8,12 | T |
Patient ID | Disease Sequence | Medication Sequence |
---|---|---|
P1 | <(8) (3 7 16) (8 10 12) (8 16 17)> | <(K) (M T) (E) (C T)> |
P2 | <(8 17) (8)> | <(M T) (T)> |
P3 | <(6 8 15) (12)> | <(H T) (G)> |
P4 | <(8 12) (3 8) (6 7 9) (8 12)> | <(D T) (H) (T U) (T)> |
Number of Outpatient Visits (Sequential Pattern Length) | Number of SJS Patients |
---|---|
1 | 129 * |
2 | 115 * |
3 | 107 * |
4 | 71 * |
5 | 44 |
6 | 20 |
7 | 22 |
8 | 11 |
9 | 8 |
10 | 6 |
11 | 5 |
12 | 3 |
13 | 2 |
15 | 1 |
19 | 1 |
Total | 545 |
Number of Outpatient Visits | N (%) | Stratified by Age, n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–14 | 15–64 | ≥ 65 | p Value | ||
Pattern length = 1 | 129 | 56 (43.41) | 46 (35.66) | 27 (20.93) | |
<(8)> | 51 (39.53) | 34 (66.67) | 14 (27.45) | 3 (5.88) | * 0.000 |
<(12)> | 30 (23.26) | 11 (36.67) | 12 (40.00) | 7 (23.33) | 0.594 |
<(16)> | 23 (17.83) | 10 (43.48) | 7 (30.43) | 6 (26.09) | 0.654 |
<(9)> | 17 (13.18) | 5 (29.41) | 7 (41.18) | 5 (29.41) | 0.867 |
<(7)> | 15 (11.63) | 6 (40.00) | 9 (60.00) | NC | |
<(6)> | 14 (10.85) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (50.00) | 4 (28.57) | 0.499 |
Pattern length = 2 | 115 | 39 (33.91) | 43 (37.39) | 33 (28.70) | |
<(8) (8)> | 23 (20.00) | 16 (69.57) | 6 (26.09) | 1 (4.35) | * 0.000 |
<(8) (12)> | 14 (12.17) | 12 (85.71) | 2 (14.29) | NC | |
Pattern length = 3 | 107 | 37 (34.58) | 33 (30.84) | 37 (34.58) | |
<(8) (8) (8)> | 14 (13.08) | 12 (85.71) | 2 (14.29) | NC | |
Pattern length = 4 | 71 | 24 (33.80) | 21 (29.58) | 26 (36.62) | |
<(8) (8) (8) (8)> | 13 (18.31) | 11 (84.62) | 2 (15.38) | NC |
Drug-Taken | N (%) | Stratified by Age n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–14 | 15–64 | ≥65 | p Value | ||
Pattern length = 1 Disease patterns: | |||||
<(8)> Respiratory system | 51 | 34 (66.67) | 14 (27.45) | 3 (5.88) | * 0.000 |
<(T)> | 32 (62.75) | 23 (71.88) | 8 (25.00) | 1 (3.13) | * 0.000 |
<(H)> | 9 (17.65) | 6 (66.67) | 2 (22.22) | 1 (11.11) | 0.166 |
<(G)> | 6 (11.76) | 5 (83.33) | 1 (16.67) | NC | |
<(12)> Skin and subcutaneous tissue | 30 | 11 (36.67) | 12 (40.00) | 7 (23.33) | 0.594 |
<(T)> | 11 (36.67) | 2 (18.18) | 7 (63.64) | 2 (18.18) | 0.134 |
<(U)> | 7 (23.33) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (28.57) | 3 (42.86) | 1 |
<(L)> | 6 (20.00) | 4 (66.67) | 2 (33.33) | NC | |
<(G)> | 5 (16.66) | 2 (40.00) | 3 (60.00) | NC | |
<(D)> | 4 (13.33) | 3 (75.00) | 1 (25.00) | NC | |
<(I)> | 4 (13.33) | 2 (50.00) | 2 (50.00) | NC | |
<(T U)> | 3 (10.00) | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | NC | |
<(16)> Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions | 23 | 10 (43.48) | 7 (30.43) | 6 (26.09) | 0.654 |
<(T)> | 16 (69.57) | 7 (43.75) | 6 (37.5) | 3 (18.75) | 0.541 |
<(U)> | 4 (17.39) | 1 (25.00) | 3 (75.00) | NC | |
<(9)> Digestive system | 17 | 5 (29.41) | 7 (41.18) | 5 (29.41) | 0.867 |
<(T)> | 9 (52.94) | 2 (22.22) | 5 (55.56) | 2 (22.22) | 0.531 |
<(U)> | 3 (17.65) | 3 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(T U)> | 3 (17.65) | 3 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(D)> | 2 (11.76) | 1 (50.00) | 1 (50.00) | NC | |
<(G)> | 2 (11.76) | 1 (50.00) | 1 (50.00) | NC | |
<(H)> | 2 (11.76) | 1 (50.00) | 1 (50.00) | NC | |
<(M)> | 2 (11.76) | 1 (50.00) | 1 (50.00) | NC | |
<(7)> Circulatory system | 15 | 6 (40.00) | 9 (60.00) | NC | |
<(R)> | 9 (60.00) | 1 (11.11) | 8 (88.89) | NC | |
<(T)> | 8 (53.33) | 4 (50.00) | 4 (50.00) | NC | |
<(R T)> | 4 (26.67) | 4 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(M)> | 3 (20.00) | 2 (66.67) | 1(33.33) | NC | |
<(J)> | 2 (13.33) | 2 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(6)> Nervous system and sense organs | 14 | 3 (21.43) | 7 (50.00) | 4 (28.57) | 0.499 |
<(M)> | 6 (42.86) | 1 (16.67) | 4 (66.67) | 1 (16.67) | 0.383 |
<(T)> | 6 (42.86) | 1 (16.67) | 2 (33.33) | 3 (50.00) | 0.877 |
<(U)> | 3 (21.43) | 3 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(T U)> | 2 (14.29) | 2 (100.00) | NC | ||
Pattern length = 2 Disease patterns: | |||||
<(8) (8)> Respiratory system | 23 | 16 (69.57) | 6 (26.09) | 1 (4.35) | * 0.000 |
<(T) (T)> | 13 (56.52) | 10 (76.92) | 3 (23.08) | NC | |
<(U) (T)> | 4 (17.39) | 3 (75.00) | 1 (25.00) | NC | |
<(T U) (T)> | 3 (13.04) | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | NC | |
<(8) (12)> Respiratory system, Skin and subcutaneous tissue | 14 | 12 (85.71) | 2 (14.29) | NC | |
<(T) (T)> | 5 (35.71) | 5 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(T) (D)> | 3 (21.43) | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | NC | |
Pattern length = 3 Disease pattern: | |||||
<(8) (8) (8)> Respiratory system | 14 | 12 (85.71) | 2 (14.29) | NC | |
<(T) (T) (T)> | 7 (50.00) | 7 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(H) (H) (H)> | 2 (15.38) | 2 (100.00) | NC | ||
Pattern length = 4 Disease pattern: | |||||
<(8) (8) (8) (8)> Respiratory system | 13 | 11 (84.62) | 2 (15.38) | NC | |
<(T) (T) (T) (T)> | 3 (23.08) | 3 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(H) (H) (H) (H)> | 2 (15.38) | 2 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(H) (H) (T) (T)> | 2 (15.38) | 2 (100.00) | NC | ||
<(G T) (T) (T) (T)> | 2 (15.38) | 2 (100.00) | NC |
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Ou-Yang, C.; Chou, S.-C.; Juan, Y.-C.; Wang, H.-C. Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122434
Ou-Yang C, Chou S-C, Juan Y-C, Wang H-C. Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(12):2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122434
Chicago/Turabian StyleOu-Yang, Chao, Shih-Chung Chou, Yeh-Chun Juan, and Han-Cheng Wang. 2019. "Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan" Applied Sciences 9, no. 12: 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122434
APA StyleOu-Yang, C., Chou, S.-C., Juan, Y.-C., & Wang, H.-C. (2019). Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan. Applied Sciences, 9(12), 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122434