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Volume 16
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10.3390/app16094518
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Article

Integrating Multimodal User-Generated Content (UGC) for Spatial Analysis of Urban Tourism: A Behavior–Cognition–Affect Framework

by
Wenjing Li
*,
Junjie Fan
,
Zouyue Xie
,
Wenqu Xu
and
Wenqi Wang
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(9), 4518; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094518
Submission received: 24 March 2026 / Revised: 23 April 2026 / Accepted: 29 April 2026 / Published: 4 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Spatial Analysis Methods in Geographic Information Systems)
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Abstract

To accurately identify characteristics of the tourist experience, optimize tourism management and shape urban tourism brands, this study uses Wuhan as a case and aggregates multimodal user-generated content (UGC) data including tourist reviews, photos and travel vlogs. Based on the “Behavior–Cognition–Affect” framework and the progressive “Region–Route–Site” spatial perspective, this study adopts spatial analysis, image analysis, semantic network analysis, and natural language processing (NLP) to examine tourists’ spatial behavior patterns, visual cognitive preferences, and emotional feedback across urban, attraction, and individual tourist scales. Results show that Wuhan’s tourism presents a “core-periphery” spatial structure, tourists’ visual focus differs significantly across scenic types, and tourists’ emotions are generally positive, with consumption, shopping, and transportation as main negative sources. This study enriches the application of multimodal UGC in tourism geography, providing data to optimize tourism resource allocation and shape urban tourism images.
Keywords: multimodal UGC; tourist behavior; urban tourism image; visual cognition; smart tourism multimodal UGC; tourist behavior; urban tourism image; visual cognition; smart tourism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, W.; Fan, J.; Xie, Z.; Xu, W.; Wang, W. Integrating Multimodal User-Generated Content (UGC) for Spatial Analysis of Urban Tourism: A Behavior–Cognition–Affect Framework. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 4518. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094518

AMA Style

Li W, Fan J, Xie Z, Xu W, Wang W. Integrating Multimodal User-Generated Content (UGC) for Spatial Analysis of Urban Tourism: A Behavior–Cognition–Affect Framework. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(9):4518. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094518

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Wenjing, Junjie Fan, Zouyue Xie, Wenqu Xu, and Wenqi Wang. 2026. "Integrating Multimodal User-Generated Content (UGC) for Spatial Analysis of Urban Tourism: A Behavior–Cognition–Affect Framework" Applied Sciences 16, no. 9: 4518. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094518

APA Style

Li, W., Fan, J., Xie, Z., Xu, W., & Wang, W. (2026). Integrating Multimodal User-Generated Content (UGC) for Spatial Analysis of Urban Tourism: A Behavior–Cognition–Affect Framework. Applied Sciences, 16(9), 4518. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094518

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