Footwear-Induced Differences in Biomechanics and Perceived Comfort During Unanticipated Side-Step Cutting: An Exploratory Study in Female Football Players

Cleated footwear in football increasingly incorporates sex-specific design features intended to address a clear gap in anthropometric and biomechanical differences in female athletes. However, experimental evidence evaluating how these designs may influence lower-extremity biomechanics during sport tasks in female athletes remains limited. The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to examine the effects of sex-specific footwear on lower-extremity biomechanics, plantar pressure distribution, and perceived comfort in female football players during unanticipated side-step cutting. The study used a controlled laboratory-based repeated measures design. Twenty female football players performed unanticipated side-step cutting tasks in two randomized footwear conditions: a standard commercially available control cleat (CT) and a female-specific prototype cleat (PT). Ankle and knee biomechanics, in-shoe pressure distribution, and subjective comfort ratings were assessed. Compared with the CT, the PT cleat had reduced peak ankle inversion angle, inversion angular velocity, and inversion moment, indicating altered ankle biomechanics during cutting. No differences were observed in knee abduction between footwear conditions. However, participants subjectively rated greater comfort in CT compared to PT. Peak pressure was higher in the midfoot and central forefoot in the PT footwear compared to the CT. Given the pilot nature of the study, with multiple footwear alterations, the findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and used to inform future targeted investigations.