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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 10
10.3390/app16105158
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Regenerative Endodontic Treatment with Calcium Hydroxide-Assisted Blood Clot Stabilisation in Traumatised Immature Teeth: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes

by
Petra Bučević Sojčić
1,*,
Domagoj Glavina
1,2,*,
Jakov Stojanović
1,
Jelena Bagarić
1,2,
Dubravka Turjanski
3,
Tomislav Škrinjarić
1,2,
Kristina Goršeta
1,2 and
Hrvoje Jurić
1,2
1
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
University Dental Clinic, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Polyclinic Zagreb, Perkovčeva 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 5158; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105158
Submission received: 23 April 2026 / Revised: 9 May 2026 / Accepted: 19 May 2026 / Published: 21 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Novel Dental Materials)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Traumatised immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis pose a clinical challenge due to incomplete root development and limited treatment options. This retrospective observational study evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) incorporating an additional calcium hydroxide-based step for blood clot stabilisation compared with apexification in traumatised immature teeth. A total of 49 teeth treated between 2015 and 2025 were analysed. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and reassessed at 6- and 12-month follow-up, including root length, dentinal wall thickness, apical diameter, periapical status, and apical closure. RET was associated with significantly greater increases in dentinal wall thickness (p = 0.002), root length (p = 0.010), and reductions in apical diameter (p < 0.001) over time compared with apexification. Apical closure was observed significantly more frequently in the RET group (p < 0.001). Periapical healing improved in both groups, while overall clinical outcomes appeared broadly similar. Within the limitations of this retrospective observational study, RET incorporating an additional calcium hydroxide-based step for blood clot stabilisation appears to be a clinically applicable approach for promoting root development in traumatised immature teeth. Further prospective and controlled studies are required to confirm these findings and to better define the role of this adjunctive step.
Keywords: regenerative endodontic treatment; dental trauma; immature permanent teeth; root development; dentinal wall thickness; apical closure; calcium hydroxide regenerative endodontic treatment; dental trauma; immature permanent teeth; root development; dentinal wall thickness; apical closure; calcium hydroxide

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bučević Sojčić, P.; Glavina, D.; Stojanović, J.; Bagarić, J.; Turjanski, D.; Škrinjarić, T.; Goršeta, K.; Jurić, H. Regenerative Endodontic Treatment with Calcium Hydroxide-Assisted Blood Clot Stabilisation in Traumatised Immature Teeth: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105158

AMA Style

Bučević Sojčić P, Glavina D, Stojanović J, Bagarić J, Turjanski D, Škrinjarić T, Goršeta K, Jurić H. Regenerative Endodontic Treatment with Calcium Hydroxide-Assisted Blood Clot Stabilisation in Traumatised Immature Teeth: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(10):5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105158

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bučević Sojčić, Petra, Domagoj Glavina, Jakov Stojanović, Jelena Bagarić, Dubravka Turjanski, Tomislav Škrinjarić, Kristina Goršeta, and Hrvoje Jurić. 2026. "Regenerative Endodontic Treatment with Calcium Hydroxide-Assisted Blood Clot Stabilisation in Traumatised Immature Teeth: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes" Applied Sciences 16, no. 10: 5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105158

APA Style

Bučević Sojčić, P., Glavina, D., Stojanović, J., Bagarić, J., Turjanski, D., Škrinjarić, T., Goršeta, K., & Jurić, H. (2026). Regenerative Endodontic Treatment with Calcium Hydroxide-Assisted Blood Clot Stabilisation in Traumatised Immature Teeth: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. Applied Sciences, 16(10), 5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105158

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