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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 1
10.3390/app16010450
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Aqueous Extract of Ramie Leaves Attenuate OxidativeStress and Inflammation: In Vitro and Cellular Investigations

by
Jinyang Peng
1,†,
Lei Dong
1,†,
Xin Du
1,
Hao Wang
1,
Yongmin Wu
1,
Qiangguo Chen
2,
Ye Luo
1 and
Jun Cai
1,*
1
Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
2
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010450
Submission received: 28 November 2025 / Revised: 27 December 2025 / Accepted: 27 December 2025 / Published: 31 December 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, contribute significantly to diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), yet the therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds-rich agricultural byproducts like ramie leaves (Boehmeria nivea L.) remains underexplored for multi-target antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications. Using response surface methodology, optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions for ramie leaf aqueous extract (RLAE) were determined as a 1:30 g/mL solid-to-liquid ratio, 43 min, and 50 °C, yielding 2.26 ± 0.16 mg/g total phenolic content. RLAE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 1.09 ± 0.06 mg/mL (DPPH), 0.60 ± 0.02 mg/mL (ABTS), and 0.93 ± 0.03 mg/mL (O2−), a FRAP equivalent of 11.85 ± 0.47 mmol FeSO4/g, and notable SOD-like activity. In LPS-stimulated IEC-6 cells, RLAE (0.1–0.2 mg/mL) significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and enhanced IL-10 expression, with low cytotoxicity up to 0.4 mg/mL. HPLC identified 21 compounds, including pyrocatechuic acid, rutin, and hyperoside, driving these effects via ROS scavenging and NF-κB modulation. RLAE’s multi-mechanistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties position it as a sustainable candidate for nutraceutical development in gastrointestinal health, warranting further in vivo studies.
Keywords: Boehmeria nivea; aqueous extract; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory; LPS-induced inflammation Boehmeria nivea; aqueous extract; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory; LPS-induced inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Peng, J.; Dong, L.; Du, X.; Wang, H.; Wu, Y.; Chen, Q.; Luo, Y.; Cai, J. The Aqueous Extract of Ramie Leaves Attenuate OxidativeStress and Inflammation: In Vitro and Cellular Investigations. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010450

AMA Style

Peng J, Dong L, Du X, Wang H, Wu Y, Chen Q, Luo Y, Cai J. The Aqueous Extract of Ramie Leaves Attenuate OxidativeStress and Inflammation: In Vitro and Cellular Investigations. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(1):450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010450

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng, Jinyang, Lei Dong, Xin Du, Hao Wang, Yongmin Wu, Qiangguo Chen, Ye Luo, and Jun Cai. 2026. "The Aqueous Extract of Ramie Leaves Attenuate OxidativeStress and Inflammation: In Vitro and Cellular Investigations" Applied Sciences 16, no. 1: 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010450

APA Style

Peng, J., Dong, L., Du, X., Wang, H., Wu, Y., Chen, Q., Luo, Y., & Cai, J. (2026). The Aqueous Extract of Ramie Leaves Attenuate OxidativeStress and Inflammation: In Vitro and Cellular Investigations. Applied Sciences, 16(1), 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010450

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