Accuracy of Measurement Tools for Ocular-Origin Anomalous Head Posture and the Cervical Range of Motion Kinematics in Children with an Anomalous Head Position
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design and Instrumentation
2.2.1. Digital Goniometer
2.2.2. iOS Application
2.2.3. MoCap System
2.2.4. Experimental Procedures
- Head flexion/extension (Figure 3a): Starting from their natural neutral position, participants were instructed to perform controlled head flexion by gradually lowering their head forward and bringing the chin toward the chest. After returning to the neutral position, participants then executed a controlled head extension, tilting the head backward toward the scapulae and lifting the chin toward the ceiling.
- Head lateral bending toward left/right (Figure 3b): From the neutral position, participants were asked to tilt their head laterally toward one shoulder, return to the neutral position, and then repeat the movement to the opposite side.
- Head rotation toward left/right (Figure 3c): Starting from their neutral position, participants performed a controlled head rotation to the right, moving the chin toward the shoulder. After returning to the neutral position, the same movement was repeated to the left.
- Returning to the neutral position, the same movement was repeated toward the left.
2.3. Data Analysis and Parameters
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison Between MoCap and Ophthalmologic Tools
3.2. Assessment of Head Movement Limitations in Individuals with AHP
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHP | Anomalous head posture; |
ROM | Range of motion; |
DG | Digital goniometer. |
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Ophthalmological Tool | MoCap | p-Value (t-Test) | PCC | Accuracy (%) | ICC | RMSE (°) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head Rotation (°) | 0.60 ± 10.20 | 1.53 ± 6.48 | 0.538 | 0.86 * | 7.24 ± 4.08 | 0.79 | 3.43 |
Head Inclination (°) | 2.33 ± 5.75 | 3.58 ± 8.40 | 0.346 | 0.82 * | 7.83 ± 3.78 | 0.77 | 5.00 |
Task | ROM (AHP Group) | ROM (CG) |
---|---|---|
Right Rotation (°) | 67.7 ± 11.4 | 61.3 ± 10.1 |
Left Rotation (°) | 61.7 ± 12.3 | 67.48 ± 9.0 |
Flexion (°) | 50.49 ± 10.7 * | 42.2 ± 12.8 |
Extension (°) | 43.0 ± 18.1 | 33.6 ± 9.4 |
Right Lateral Bending (°) | 38.5 ± 10.9 | 38.7 ± 9.1 |
Left Lateral Bending (°) | 36.4 ± 9.6 | 35.5 ± 8.5 |
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Cerfoglio, S.; Bonsignore, F.; Bernardelli, G.; Donno, L.; Aili, F.; Galli, M.; Nucci, F.; Villani, E.; Nucci, P.; Cimolin, V. Accuracy of Measurement Tools for Ocular-Origin Anomalous Head Posture and the Cervical Range of Motion Kinematics in Children with an Anomalous Head Position. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073642
Cerfoglio S, Bonsignore F, Bernardelli G, Donno L, Aili F, Galli M, Nucci F, Villani E, Nucci P, Cimolin V. Accuracy of Measurement Tools for Ocular-Origin Anomalous Head Posture and the Cervical Range of Motion Kinematics in Children with an Anomalous Head Position. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(7):3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073642
Chicago/Turabian StyleCerfoglio, Serena, Francesco Bonsignore, Giuseppina Bernardelli, Lucia Donno, Fabiana Aili, Manuela Galli, Francesca Nucci, Edoardo Villani, Paolo Nucci, and Veronica Cimolin. 2025. "Accuracy of Measurement Tools for Ocular-Origin Anomalous Head Posture and the Cervical Range of Motion Kinematics in Children with an Anomalous Head Position" Applied Sciences 15, no. 7: 3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073642
APA StyleCerfoglio, S., Bonsignore, F., Bernardelli, G., Donno, L., Aili, F., Galli, M., Nucci, F., Villani, E., Nucci, P., & Cimolin, V. (2025). Accuracy of Measurement Tools for Ocular-Origin Anomalous Head Posture and the Cervical Range of Motion Kinematics in Children with an Anomalous Head Position. Applied Sciences, 15(7), 3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073642