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Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/app152111811
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip at NIM †

by
Weiyuan Jia
1,2,
Jiuhui Song
2,3,
Yuan Zhong
2,*,
Kunli Zhou
2,
Qina Han
2,4,
Wenhui Cao
2,
Jinjin Li
2,*,
Jinhui Cai
1,
Jun Wan
1 and
Ziyi Zhao
2
1
College of Metrology Measurement and Instrumentation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2
National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
3
School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
4
School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150008, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
The article titled “A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip in NIM” is an extended version of a two pages abstract published in the 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2024), Denver, CO, USA, 6–12 July 2024.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11811; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111811
Submission received: 21 September 2025 / Revised: 2 November 2025 / Accepted: 4 November 2025 / Published: 5 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Science and Technology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper describes the status of developing Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS) chips at NIM (National Institute of Metrology, China). To obtain high junction integration density and fewer data input channels, the chip employs an on-chip Wilkinson power divider and inside/outside dc blocks, enabling both arrays to be driven by a single pulse-generator channel. In addition, the tapered coplanar waveguide structure is used to ensure the microwave uniformity of the long-junction array. Each array consisted of 4000 double-stack Nb/NbxSi1−x/Nb junctions, and 16,000 junctions are integrated in the chip in total. The JAWS chip demonstrates good performance, capable of synthesizing a 300 mV root mean square (rms) voltage with exceptionally low harmonic distortion. Dc and ac voltage-current characteristics measurements indicate that the junctions are with a critical current of 2.5 mA, and a normal-state resistance of 4.5 mΩ per junction. Contact aligners are manually operated to fabricate the chips, and process errors in the fabrication are estimated in this paper.
Keywords: Josephson junctions; digital–analog conversion; measurement standards; signal synthesis; superconducting integrated circuits; power dividers Josephson junctions; digital–analog conversion; measurement standards; signal synthesis; superconducting integrated circuits; power dividers

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jia, W.; Song, J.; Zhong, Y.; Zhou, K.; Han, Q.; Cao, W.; Li, J.; Cai, J.; Wan, J.; Zhao, Z. A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip at NIM. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11811. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111811

AMA Style

Jia W, Song J, Zhong Y, Zhou K, Han Q, Cao W, Li J, Cai J, Wan J, Zhao Z. A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip at NIM. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11811. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111811

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jia, Weiyuan, Jiuhui Song, Yuan Zhong, Kunli Zhou, Qina Han, Wenhui Cao, Jinjin Li, Jinhui Cai, Jun Wan, and Ziyi Zhao. 2025. "A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip at NIM" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11811. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111811

APA Style

Jia, W., Song, J., Zhong, Y., Zhou, K., Han, Q., Cao, W., Li, J., Cai, J., Wan, J., & Zhao, Z. (2025). A 300 mV Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Chip at NIM. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11811. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111811

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