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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/app152111730
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Temporal Evolution and Numerical Simulation of Water-Sensitive Reservoirs During Long-Term Waterflooding: A Case Study of the North 31 Wutonggou Formation

by
Hui Xie
1,
Jie Du
1,
Enlai Yuan
1,
Xiaodie Hu
1,
Jianghua Yue
1,
Fenggang Yuan
1 and
Shuoliang Wang
2,*
1
Exploration and Development Research Institute, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay 834000, China
2
School of Energy, Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11730; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111730
Submission received: 11 September 2025 / Revised: 12 October 2025 / Accepted: 24 October 2025 / Published: 3 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies and Theories Applied in Oil and Gas Development Under Complex Conditions)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study addresses the challenges of uneven recovery in strongly water-sensitive reservoirs through the development of a time-dependent two-phase flow model capturing the dynamic evolution of permeability and relative permeability. Based on laboratory core flooding experiments and integrated into a black-oil simulator, the model accurately reproduces reservoir behavior under long-term water flooding, significantly improving the history matching of water cut and pressure—especially in high water-cut stages. Results demonstrate that water sensitivity causes staged damage: initial reduction in heterogeneity is followed by intensified interlayer conflict and earlier water breakthrough. The relative permeability curve shifts rightward, accompanied by reduced residual oil saturation. These findings overcome the limitations of conventional static-property models and provide a reliable basis for optimizing enhanced oil recovery strategies. Further validation with field data will enhance the model’s applicability under diverse geological conditions.
Keywords: water-sensitive reservoir; time-variant permeability; relative permeability; numerical simulation; long-term waterflooding; enhanced oil recovery water-sensitive reservoir; time-variant permeability; relative permeability; numerical simulation; long-term waterflooding; enhanced oil recovery

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, H.; Du, J.; Yuan, E.; Hu, X.; Yue, J.; Yuan, F.; Wang, S. Temporal Evolution and Numerical Simulation of Water-Sensitive Reservoirs During Long-Term Waterflooding: A Case Study of the North 31 Wutonggou Formation. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111730

AMA Style

Xie H, Du J, Yuan E, Hu X, Yue J, Yuan F, Wang S. Temporal Evolution and Numerical Simulation of Water-Sensitive Reservoirs During Long-Term Waterflooding: A Case Study of the North 31 Wutonggou Formation. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111730

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Hui, Jie Du, Enlai Yuan, Xiaodie Hu, Jianghua Yue, Fenggang Yuan, and Shuoliang Wang. 2025. "Temporal Evolution and Numerical Simulation of Water-Sensitive Reservoirs During Long-Term Waterflooding: A Case Study of the North 31 Wutonggou Formation" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111730

APA Style

Xie, H., Du, J., Yuan, E., Hu, X., Yue, J., Yuan, F., & Wang, S. (2025). Temporal Evolution and Numerical Simulation of Water-Sensitive Reservoirs During Long-Term Waterflooding: A Case Study of the North 31 Wutonggou Formation. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111730

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