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Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/app152111369
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Article

Assessment of the Accumulation Characteristics of Pollutants in the Soil of Permeable Pavement and the Risk of Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment

by
Bukai Song
1,2,
Rubin Han
1,
Hui Luo
1,3,*,
Huiteng Wang
1,
Hongxiu Leng
1,
Wenbo Wu
1 and
Baojie He
4,*
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
2
School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
3
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
4
Centre for Climate Resilient and Low–Carbon Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111369
Submission received: 4 September 2025 / Revised: 20 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 October 2025 / Published: 23 October 2025
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Abstract

In this study, aiming to determine the potential pollution risks to the soil foundation caused by permeable pavement after its operation, a fully permeable asphalt pavement system is constructed. Through an accelerated simulation of a three-year cumulative rainfall test, the cumulative characteristics of pollutants in the soil foundation of the permeable asphalt pavement were studied, and a risk assessment of heavy metal pollution was carried out. The results show that N and P pollution is relatively serious. TN and NH4+-N decrease with the increase of the soil foundation depth (0–50 cm), and there is an obvious surface accumulation phenomenon. The average contents at a depth of 0–10 cm are 1219 mg/kg and 443 mg/kg, respectively. The content of TP first shows a decreasing trend and then an increasing one, and it faces the risks of surface accumulation and leaching loss in the middle and lower parts. Although the average contents of Cu, Pb and Zn at different depths all meet the requirements of the Soil Environmental Quality Standard (for agricultural land), they are all higher than the background values of soil elements in Jiangsu Province. Among them, Cu and Zn pose a considerable ecological risk to the environment, especially with serious enrichment in the surface layer. The above cumulative characteristics of pollutants in the fully permeable asphalt pavement provide reference value for extending the service life of the permeable pavement system.
Keywords: permeable pavement; heavy metal; surface accumulation; cumulative characteristics; ecological risk permeable pavement; heavy metal; surface accumulation; cumulative characteristics; ecological risk

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MDPI and ACS Style

Song, B.; Han, R.; Luo, H.; Wang, H.; Leng, H.; Wu, W.; He, B. Assessment of the Accumulation Characteristics of Pollutants in the Soil of Permeable Pavement and the Risk of Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111369

AMA Style

Song B, Han R, Luo H, Wang H, Leng H, Wu W, He B. Assessment of the Accumulation Characteristics of Pollutants in the Soil of Permeable Pavement and the Risk of Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111369

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song, Bukai, Rubin Han, Hui Luo, Huiteng Wang, Hongxiu Leng, Wenbo Wu, and Baojie He. 2025. "Assessment of the Accumulation Characteristics of Pollutants in the Soil of Permeable Pavement and the Risk of Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111369

APA Style

Song, B., Han, R., Luo, H., Wang, H., Leng, H., Wu, W., & He, B. (2025). Assessment of the Accumulation Characteristics of Pollutants in the Soil of Permeable Pavement and the Risk of Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111369

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