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Article

Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Function and Glenohumeral Motion in the Throwing Arm of Division I Collegiate Baseball Players

by
Luis A. Feigenbaum
1,2,*,
Julian J. Rivera
1,2,
Michele A. Raya
1,
Meryl I. Cohen
1,
Lee D. Kaplan
3 and
Lawrence P. Cahalin
1
1
Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
2
Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
3
UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8815; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168815 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 June 2025 / Revised: 6 August 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the relationships between inspiratory performance (IP) and glenohumeral rotation in Division 1 Collegiate baseball players (D1CBP). Thirty D1CBP were recruited. The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance (TIRE) provides maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), sustained maximal inspiratory pressure (SMIP), and inspiratory duration (ID). Right and left glenohumeral internal and external rotation (RGHIR, RGHER, LGHIR, and LGHER, respectively) were measured with the shoulder in 90 degrees(d) of abduction. Significant differences between position groups were observed. IP of the entire group was significantly correlated to height, weight, and negatively correlated to right total rotational motion (RTRM) (r = −0.41; p < 0.05). The IP of all pitchers was significantly negatively correlated to both RTRM and LTRM (r = −0.56 to −0.61; p < 0.05). IP of right-handed pitchers was significantly correlated negatively to RGHER (r = −0.83 to −0.93; p < 0.05). IP of left-handed pitchers was significantly correlated negatively to LGHER (r = −0.82; p = 0.04). GH motions are significantly related to the IP of D1CBP. This association may be explained by the involvement of overstretched internal rotators, which act as accessory inspiratory muscles.
Keywords: inspiratory muscle performance; inspiratory muscle test; baseball; glenohumeral rotation; total rotational shoulder motion inspiratory muscle performance; inspiratory muscle test; baseball; glenohumeral rotation; total rotational shoulder motion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Feigenbaum, L.A.; Rivera, J.J.; Raya, M.A.; Cohen, M.I.; Kaplan, L.D.; Cahalin, L.P. Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Function and Glenohumeral Motion in the Throwing Arm of Division I Collegiate Baseball Players. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 8815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168815

AMA Style

Feigenbaum LA, Rivera JJ, Raya MA, Cohen MI, Kaplan LD, Cahalin LP. Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Function and Glenohumeral Motion in the Throwing Arm of Division I Collegiate Baseball Players. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(16):8815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168815

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feigenbaum, Luis A., Julian J. Rivera, Michele A. Raya, Meryl I. Cohen, Lee D. Kaplan, and Lawrence P. Cahalin. 2025. "Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Function and Glenohumeral Motion in the Throwing Arm of Division I Collegiate Baseball Players" Applied Sciences 15, no. 16: 8815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168815

APA Style

Feigenbaum, L. A., Rivera, J. J., Raya, M. A., Cohen, M. I., Kaplan, L. D., & Cahalin, L. P. (2025). Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Function and Glenohumeral Motion in the Throwing Arm of Division I Collegiate Baseball Players. Applied Sciences, 15(16), 8815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168815

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