Solar–Hydrogen Storage System: Architecture and Integration Design of University Energy Management Systems

Abstract

As a case study on sustainable energy use in educational institutions, this study examines the design and integration of a solar–hydrogen storage system within the energy management framework of Kangwon National University’s Samcheok Campus. This paper provides an extensive analysis of the architecture and integrated design of such a system, which is necessary given the increasing focus on renewable energy sources and the requirement for effective energy management. This study starts with a survey of the literature on hydrogen storage techniques, solar energy storage technologies, and current university energy management systems. In order to pinpoint areas in need of improvement and chances for progress, it also looks at earlier research on solar–hydrogen storage systems. This study’s methodology describes the system architecture, which includes fuel cell integration, electrolysis for hydrogen production, solar energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and an energy management system customized for the needs of the university. This research explores the energy consumption characteristics of the Samcheok Campus of Kangwon National University and provides recommendations for the scalability and scale of the suggested system by designing three architecture systems of microgrids with EMS Optimization for solar–hydrogen, hybrid solar–hydrogen, and energy storage. To guarantee effective and safe functioning, control strategies and safety considerations are also covered. Prototype creation, testing, and validation are all part of the implementation process, which ends with a thorough case study of the solar–hydrogen storage system’s integration into the university’s energy grid. The effectiveness of the system, its effect on campus energy consumption patterns, its financial sustainability, and comparisons with conventional energy management systems are all assessed in the findings and discussion section. Problems that arise during implementation are addressed along with suggested fixes, and directions for further research—such as scalability issues and technology developments—are indicated. This study sheds important light on the viability and efficiency of solar–hydrogen storage systems in academic environments, particularly with regard to accomplishing sustainable energy objectives.

1. Introduction

In a university setting, a solar–hydrogen system serves multiple roles, including community involvement, education, research, and sustainability [1,2,3]. It exemplifies the university’s commitment to environmental responsibility by providing a clean energy source and reducing reliance on fossil fuels through solar-powered electrolysis [4,5,6,7]. This aligns with efforts to promote sustainable behaviors and combat climate change [8,9]. The system also enhances instructional initiatives by offering hands-on learning opportunities in environmental science, energy management, and renewable technologies, acting as a living laboratory [10,11]. Engagement with the system equips students with practical experience and prepares them for careers in related fields [11,12]. Additionally, it enriches academic programs by offering interdisciplinary learning in subjects such as chemistry, engineering, environmental studies, and policy development [13,14].

A solar–hydrogen system within the institution serves as a hub for research and innovation. Academic staff and researchers can conduct studies on system optimization, performance monitoring, and technological advancements in hydrogen generation, storage, and utilization [15,16,17]. This research contributes to future developments in renewable energy technology and fosters partnerships with businesses and academic institutions to facilitate technology transfer and commercialization [18,19,20]. Additionally, the system supports outreach and community involvement initiatives by serving as a focal point for public awareness campaigns and educational events [21,22,23]. Partnerships with external entities further promote sustainability projects and the adoption of renewable energy technologies beyond campus boundaries [24,25,26]. By integrating sustainable energy solutions into campus operations, universities set a positive example, educate future environmental leaders, and drive societal change [27,28,29].

Temperature sensitivity is a problem in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell research, especially for high-power applications like automobiles. A study looks at this sensitivity and suggests an active temperature control method to improve an 85 kW fuel cell stack’s output performance. The research extends prior investigations by quantitatively analyzing temperature effects using a semi-empirical equivalent circuit model and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The paper also presents an active temperature control method with temperature tracking and a decoupling management strategy designed for high-power PEM fuel cell stacks. By combining a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy theory coupling algorithm, a simplified temperature tracking control linear model, and Model Predictive Control (MPC), this method effectively regulates operational temperature in response to variations in load current, hence optimizing stack performance [30]. The study highlights how crucial it is to deal with PEM fuel cells’ temperature sensitivity problems in order to successfully integrate them into high-power applications. Furthermore, in order to prevent flooding and preserve gas diffusion efficiency, advancements in Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) water management are crucial for enabling the large-scale commercialization of PEMFCs [31]. Electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) devices show great promise for bridging gaps between energy availability and demand in the larger context of renewable energy integration. These devices offer high efficiency, fast reaction times, scalability, and location independence. These revelations highlight how important it is to develop fuel cell technology as well as energy storage technologies in order to facilitate the broad use of renewable energy sources [32].

The potential of a solar–hydrogen system to meet the institution’s energy needs and act as a role model for sustainable energy solutions makes it crucial to deploy in a university setting [33,34,35]. Universities have a special chance to set the standard for environmental stewardship and the adoption of renewable energy sources since they are hubs for learning and innovation [36,37,38,39]. A solar–hydrogen system combines solar energy harvesting with hydrogen production and storage technologies to offer a clean, dependable energy supply that lowers carbon emissions, lessens environmental impact, and encourages energy independence [40,41,42]. Furthermore, by providing researchers and students with practical learning opportunities in energy management, sustainability practices, and renewable energy technology, such a system complements the academic goals of institutions [43,44,45]. Universities may inspire the next generation of environmental leaders, demonstrate their commitment to sustainability, and support international efforts to battle climate change by researching, developing, and implementing solar–hydrogen systems [46,47,48]. Furthermore, the versatility of hydrogen as an energy carrier makes it possible to use it for purposes other than producing electricity, such as heating, transportation, and energy storage. This increases the significance and influence of solar–hydrogen systems on college campuses [49,50,51].

The increased need for sustainable energy solutions in educational institutions is the driving force behind the research on the Solar–Hydrogen Storage System: Architecture and Integration Design of the University Energy Management System. Universities are placing a greater emphasis on energy efficiency and environmental stewardship; thus, there is a need for energy management system strategies that can lower carbon emissions and dependency on fossil fuels [52,53,54,55,56,57]. By creating a comprehensive system that combines solar energy collection, electrolysis for hydrogen production, and storage technologies, this research seeks to overcome these issues. The system provides a clean, renewable energy source that can be stored and used as needed, making it resilient to grid failures and variations in energy demand, by utilizing solar power to generate hydrogen gas. The emphasis on university energy management systems also highlights how academic institutions may lead by example in sustainability activities and support larger movements towards a low-carbon future [58,59,60]. The design, implementation, and optimization of solar–hydrogen storage systems can be improved with the help of this research, opening the door to a wider acceptance of renewable energy technology in educational settings and beyond [61,62,63].

2. Solar–Hydrogen Storage System

2.1. Solar–Hydrogen Technologies and Storage System

An innovative method of producing and storing sustainable energy is through solar–hydrogen technologies and storage devices. These systems use concentrated solar power or photovoltaic technology to capture the sun’s plentiful energy, which is then used to electrolyze hydrogen gas [64,65,66]. The intermittency problem with renewable energy sources like solar power can be resolved with the convergence of solar energy and hydrogen generation [67,68,69]. These systems improve the stability and dependability of renewable energy systems by converting solar energy into hydrogen, which allows excess energy produced during times of high solar irradiation to be stored for use at a later time when sunlight is scarce [70,71,72]. Sunlight is first collected using solar panels or concentrators, which turn solar energy into heat or power. Concentrated solar power systems direct sunlight onto a receiver to produce heat, whereas photovoltaic systems use solar cells to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy [73,74,75]. After being directed to an electrolyzer, where water molecules (H₂O) are electrolyzed to produce hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂), the heat or electricity produced by the sun is used. When water is exposed to an electric current, it splits into its component parts and undergoes this chemical reaction [76,77,78].

Photovoltaics (PVs) use semiconductor materials such as silicon to directly turn sunlight into electricity. Concentrated solar power (CSP) and other solar thermal power systems use sunlight to generate heat for the production of electricity using a variety of devices, including steam turbines. Solar thermal technologies are superior in utility-scale installations, providing continuous power generation through thermal energy storage, whereas photovoltaics (PVs) are modular and scalable for a wide range of applications. While both strategies make use of solar radiation, they vary in terms of deployment scale and energy conversion techniques [79,80,81].

After it is created, the hydrogen gas is kept for use at a later time in a variety of storage methods, such as chemical storage, solid-state storage, compression, or liquefaction [82,83,84]. Hydrogen may be efficiently and safely stored using these techniques until it is required for the production of energy. When there is a need for energy, the hydrogen that has been stored can be utilized directly as fuel for a variety of purposes, such as driving cars or lighting buildings, or it can be transformed back into electricity using fuel cells [85,86,87]. Utilizing a sustainable energy source, effectively storing excess solar energy, and producing clean electricity with minimal greenhouse gas emissions are just a few benefits of solar–hydrogen systems. These systems aid in the shift to a sustainable energy future and lessen the effects of climate change by combining solar energy with the production and storage of hydrogen [88,89,90]. Nonetheless, issues including the cost and effectiveness of electrolysis, the storage and transportation of hydrogen, and system integration as a whole still need to be resolved. To overcome these obstacles and realize the full potential of solar–hydrogen technologies for widespread deployment and acceptance, research and development efforts must continue [91,92,93]. To use hydrogen as a clean and renewable energy carrier, hydrogen storage (

Table 1. Types of hydrogen storage.

No	Hydrogen Storage	Description
1	Gaseous	In tanks composed of lightweight materials like carbon fiber or composite materials, hydrogen gas is kept at high pressures, usually between 350 and 700 bar (5000 and 10,000 psi). Compression is appropriate for applications like fuel cell vehicles since it permits a comparatively high energy density and quick refueling times. The processes of compression and decompression can cause energy losses and demand a large amount of energy. Taking safety into account is essential because of the enormous pressure involved.
2	Liquid	The process of turning hydrogen gas into a liquid involves cooling it to extremely low temperatures (−253 °C or −423 °F), which greatly boosts the gas’s energy density. Compared to compressed gas storage, liquid hydrogen has a higher energy density, allowing for more effective storage and transmission. Boil-off losses over time owing to heat leakage occur, and liquefaction necessitates a significant energy input for cooling. It takes insulated storage tanks to keep the temperature down.
3	Solid	Hydrogen molecules attach themselves physically to the surface of solids like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and nanoporous materials. Compared to compression or liquefaction, adsorption offers the possibility of large storage capacities at lower pressures and temperatures. It can also be effective and reversible. It is still difficult to achieve quick kinetics and high efficiency in reversible adsorption–desorption cycles. Important considerations include the stability and durability of the adsorbent material as well as its selection.
4	Chemical	Metal hydrides and other hydride compounds are created when hydrogen forms a chemical bond with a solid substance. Hydrides provide stable storage at moderate temperatures and pressures and can store considerable amounts of hydrogen by weight. The efficiency of a system may be impacted by hydrides that require heating or cooling during cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption. Important factors to take into account are the kinetics of hydrogen release and uptake as well as the stability and reversibility of the material.
5	Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)	A liquid organic substance, such as an aromatic compound or a heterocycle containing nitrogen, is chemically linked to hydrogen. Transporting and storing hydrogen at room temperature and pressure is made safe and effective with LOHCs. Additionally, they have a high volumetric energy density. The kinetics of hydrogen uptake and release, as well as the requirement for catalysts or energy input, are crucial considerations. It is also necessary to take into account the carrier molecules’ regeneration and recycling.

) is essential [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103]. There are various forms of hydrogen storage techniques, each with pros and cons of their own.

There are trade-offs associated with each method of hydrogen storage, including cost, energy efficiency, safety, storage capacity, and application compatibility. A number of factors, including the desired use case, energy requirements, infrastructure availability, and regulatory considerations, influence the choice of storage technology [104,105,106]. In order to remove technological obstacles and enhance the efficiency and economic viability of hydrogen storage systems, more research and development will be necessary. This will eventually allow hydrogen to be widely used as a clean and sustainable energy source [107,108,109].

2.2. Hydrogen Storage System Components

Systems for storing hydrogen safely and effectively until it is required for energy production or other uses are made up of a number of essential components [110,111,112]. These elements (

Table 2. Hydrogen storage system components.

No	Component	Description
1	Storage Vessel	Depending on the manner of storage, the storage vessel is a container made to keep hydrogen gas at either high pressure or low temperature. Carbon fiber, composite materials, and high-strength metals like steel or aluminum are frequently used to make storage vessels. For the purpose of storing compressed gas or liquid hydrogen, the vessel has to be designed to endure high pressures and low temperatures. In order to stop leaks or ruptures, it must also adhere to safety regulations.
2	Pressure Relief Device	The storage vessel has a pressure relief mechanism designed to guard against overpressurization and guarantee safe functioning. In order to prevent damage to the vessel and lower the possibility of mishaps, this device releases excess pressure from the storage vessel if it goes beyond the design limitations. Depending on the particular application and storage system requirements, pressure relief devices can be rupture discs, burst diaphragms, or pressure relief valves.
3	Thermal Management System	A thermal management system is essential in systems that use liquid hydrogen storage in order to maintain the low temperatures needed to keep hydrogen in its liquid condition. Typically, this system uses cooling mechanisms to eliminate any heat that enters the storage tank and insulation to reduce heat transfer. In order to reduce boil-off losses and guarantee the long-term stability of liquid hydrogen storage, effective thermal control is essential.
4	Hydrogen Delivery System	To move hydrogen gas from the storage vessel to the point of use, such as fuel cells or other hydrogen-consuming devices, the hydrogen delivery system is made up of pipes, valves, and connectors. The system needs to be built to withstand the high pressures and high purity needs of hydrogen gas. Additional parts like filters, regulators, and safety devices may be included in the distribution system, depending on the application, to manage the hydrogen flow and guarantee a secure and effective delivery.
5	Monitoring and Control System	Systems for monitoring and controlling the hydrogen storage system’s operation are crucial for guaranteeing its dependable and safe functioning. Sensors that measure variables like temperature, pressure, and hydrogen purity are commonly included in these systems, along with control devices to manage the functioning of pumps, valves, and other system parts. Through real-time monitoring and control, operators may minimize the likelihood of accidents and optimize system performance by identifying and addressing any anomalies or safety concerns.

) are essential [113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] to guaranteeing the hydrogen storage system’s dependability and integrity. Here is a summary of the key elements.

Systems for storing and delivering hydrogen gas safely for a variety of uses are made up of a number of components. To fully utilize hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy source, these elements must be integrated effectively [6,123,124]. Improvements in materials, design, and technology are propelling the development of hydrogen storage systems, which is making them more and more practical for a variety of uses, from stationary power generation to transportation [125,126,127].

2.3. Workflow of Solar–Hydrogen Storage System

A solar–hydrogen storage system’s workflow consists of a number of interrelated procedures that allow solar energy to be converted into hydrogen gas, which is then stored and used for energy production or other purposes [128,129]. The following is a detailed breakdown of the standard procedure:

• Solar Energy Harvesting: Using solar panels or concentrators, solar energy is first captured to start the process. Through the process of the photovoltaic effect, solar panels, which are made up of photovoltaic cells, directly transform sunlight into electricity. Solar dishes and parabolic troughs are examples of concentrators that direct sunlight onto a receiver in order to produce heat [130,131,132].
• Electricity Generation and Heat Production: Depending on the solar energy harvesting technology being employed, the solar energy collected by the solar panels or concentrators is transformed into either heat or electricity. The following phase of the operation is then fed with the produced heat or energy [133,134,135].
• Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Once the electrolyzer, which separates water (H₂O) into its component parts of hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂), is powered by the electricity or heat produced, water in the electrolyzer undergoes electrolysis when an electric current flows through it. At the cathode, hydrogen gas is released, and at the anode, oxygen gas is released [136,137,138].
• Hydrogen Gas Collection and Purification: After being generated, the hydrogen gas is collected and refined to get rid of any moisture or contaminants. By adopting this purification method, hydrogen gas is guaranteed to meet storage and use requirements without contaminating or harming components further down the supply chain [139,140,141].
• Hydrogen Storage: The hydrogen gas that has been purified is kept in storage tanks or containers until it is required for energy production or other uses. Hydrogen can be kept in three different states: liquid, compressed gas, or adsorbed onto a solid substance like metal hydrides, depending on the storage method employed [142,143,144].
• Energy Generation or Utilization: The hydrogen gas that has been stored is supplied into a fuel cell or other hydrogen-consuming device to generate or use energy when needed. Hydrogen and airborne oxygen react in fuel cells to produce electricity, with the byproducts being heat and water vapor. In order to meet energy demand, this electricity can be sent into the grid and used to power buildings or power electric cars [145,146,147].
• Monitoring and Controlling: Monitoring and control systems supervise the actions of several components during the workflow, guaranteeing their safe and effective functioning. In order to maximize system performance, control units manage the flow of energy, water, and hydrogen, while monitoring sensors measure variables like solar irradiance, electrolyzer efficiency, hydrogen purity, and storage tank conditions [148,149,150].
• Maintenance and Optimization: The solar–hydrogen storage system is maintained and optimized on a regular basis to guarantee its efficiency and dependability. To enhance system performance over time, this may entail checking storage tanks, cleaning solar panels, examining electrolyzer components, and upgrading control algorithms [151,152,153].

Solar–hydrogen storage systems facilitate the effective conversion of solar energy into hydrogen gas through a prescribed workflow. This not only offers a clean and sustainable energy source for a range of applications but also a way to store excess energy for future use [154,155,156].

2.4. Implementation of Solar–Hydrogen Storage System

A solar–hydrogen storage system’s implementation consists of multiple phases, such as system design, component procurement, installation, testing, and commissioning [157,158,159]. An outline of the standard implementation procedure is provided below:

• System Design: The solar–hydrogen storage system’s design is the first step in the execution process. To ascertain the ideal system layout, this entails evaluating the energy requirements, site circumstances, and technical viability. The choice of solar energy harvesting technologies, electrolysis apparatus, hydrogen storage techniques, and utilization devices like fuel cells or hydrogen generators are important factors to take into account. The arrangement of the component parts, the integration of the control and monitoring systems, and safety considerations are all included in the system design [160,161,162].
• Component Procurement: Obtaining the required parts and machinery is the next stage after the system design is complete. Obtaining solar panels or concentrators, electrolyzers, storage tanks or vessels, pipework and connectors, control units, monitoring sensors, and safety equipment may be necessary for this. Budgetary restrictions, quality requirements, and performance requirements all play a role in the selection of components. Purchasing directly from producers, suppliers, or contractors is one method of procurement [163,164,165].
• Installation: Assembling and integrating the various components in accordance with the system design is the installation process for the solar–hydrogen storage system. To collect sunlight, solar panels or concentrators are placed, and the electrolysis apparatus is set up to generate hydrogen gas. The generated hydrogen is placed in storage tanks or other containers, and pipelines are set up to deliver the hydrogen gas to equipment for use. To supervise its functioning and guarantee safety, control and monitoring systems are also included in the system [166,167,168].
• Testing and Commissioning: After installation, the system is put through a rigorous testing process to make sure all of the parts work properly and that the system performs as intended. This entails doing integrated system tests to confirm overall system operation in addition to testing individual components for functionality, performance, and safety. A variety of operational scenarios, including varying solar irradiation levels, electrolysis rates, and hydrogen storage capacity, may be simulated during testing. Prior to commissioning, any problems or shortcomings found during testing are addressed and fixed [169,170,171].
• Commissioning and Operation: The solar–hydrogen storage system is put into service following successful testing. This entails putting the system online formally and starting regular operations. System performance is continuously checked during the commissioning phase to make sure it satisfies performance goals and design standards. Operators are trained in safety measures, maintenance techniques, and system operation. After it is put into service, the system runs constantly, creating and storing hydrogen as needed to meet demand for energy [172,173,174].
• Monitoring and Maintenance: The solar–hydrogen storage system is routinely observed over its operating life in order to track performance, identify any problems or abnormalities, and improve system performance. To guarantee the system’s continuous dependability and effectiveness, maintenance tasks like testing storage tanks, cleaning solar panels, and examining electrolysis equipment are performed. To alleviate wear and tear or enhance system performance, any necessary modifications or repairs are made [175,176,177].

A solar–hydrogen storage system can be effectively installed to capture solar energy, create hydrogen gas, and store it for use as a clean, renewable energy source by following these implementation steps. Careful planning, coordination, and attention to detail are necessary for an effective implementation in order to guarantee that the system satisfies performance standards and yields long-term advantages [178,179,180].

3. Research Approach and Design

3.1. Research Approach

The methodology used in the study “Solar–Hydrogen Storage System: Architecture and Integration Design of University Energy Management System” entails a number of crucial steps that must be taken in order to methodically explore, create, and put into practice the suggested system. Below is a summary of the steps in the research approach:

• Literature Review: Perform a thorough analysis of the body of knowledge about solar–hydrogen systems, energy management, the integration of renewable energy sources, and university sustainability programs. This includes reading research articles, books, and pertinent studies. In order to identify knowledge gaps, build a firm grasp of the state-of-the-art, and guide the creation of research objectives and procedures, this phase is necessary.
• Needs Assessment and System Requirements: Examine the university’s energy needs and requirements to ascertain the proposed solar–hydrogen storage system’s scope and specifications. This entails looking at campus infrastructure, energy sources, and sustainability objectives, in addition to evaluating past data on energy use and peak demand times. To ensure congruence with institutional priorities, stakeholder meetings may also be held with university officials, faculties, students, and facilities management staff.
• System Design and Modeling: Formulate a conceptual design for the solar–hydrogen storage system in accordance with the determined goals and specifications. This entails choosing suitable electrolysis apparatus, hydrogen storage techniques, solar energy gathering technology, and usage devices. To analyze system performance, optimize component sizing and configuration and to determine whether the suggested system is economically feasible, use modeling and simulation techniques.
• Component Procurement and Integration: Purchase the equipment and parts required for the solar–hydrogen storage system in accordance with the approved design parameters. To find premium components that satisfy performance standards and financial limitations, this may entail working with manufacturers, suppliers, and contractors. Make sure that the components are installed, connected, and functionally correct by integrating them into the system in accordance with the design plan.
• Experimental Setup and Testing: Install pilot-scale or experimental prototype systems to evaluate the solar–hydrogen storage system’s operation and performance in real-world scenarios. To assess system performance overall as well as energy output, hydrogen generation, storage efficiency, and system operation, this may entail field testing, laboratory studies, or on-site demonstrations. For analysis and validation, gather data on energy output, environmental effects, and system characteristics.
• Data Analysis and Optimization: Examine the gathered data to determine areas in need of improvement and to evaluate the solar–hydrogen storage system’s efficacy and efficiency. To improve energy conversion efficiency, optimize system performance, and fix any operational issues or deficiencies, apply modeling strategies, statistical analysis, and optimization algorithms. To attain desired results and fulfill project objectives, make necessary iterations to the design and implementation.
• Documentation and Reporting: Complete reports, research papers, and technical documents should contain the research findings, methods, and results. Through papers, conferences, and seminars, share the findings with industrial partners, academic audiences, and stakeholders. Discuss best practices, takeaways, and suggestions for further study, the creation, and the application of solar–hydrogen storage systems in academic and other environments.

Through the use of this research methodology, the project hopes to further our understanding of energy management techniques, sustainability initiatives, and renewable energy technologies. It also hopes to offer useful advice and solutions for establishing solar–hydrogen storage systems in university settings.

3.2. Case Study

The Kangwon National University Samcheok Campus provides an excellent case study for this study’s investigation of the installation of a solar–hydrogen storage system in an academic setting. The Joint Laboratory and Practice Building (Building 123), Engineering Building V (Building 120), Engineering Building IV (Building 118), and Engineering Building II (Building 122) are the four main campus structures that are the subject of the investigation (Figure 1). These buildings, which represent a variety of academic and administrative facilities within the institution, were chosen based on their varied roles and energy usage characteristics. This research attempts to evaluate the viability and efficacy of incorporating solar–hydrogen technology into university energy management systems by looking at these buildings as part of the case study. The possible advantages, difficulties, and opportunities of installing renewable energy solutions on university campuses might be better understood by carefully analyzing and evaluating energy consumption patterns, peak demand times, and infrastructure requirements. Additionally, by concentrating on a particular university campus, the study makes it possible to conduct a more contextually relevant and localized analysis, which facilitates useful suggestions and methods for improving sustainability and energy efficiency in the academic setting.

4. Modeling a Solar–Hydrogen System in the University

4.1. Designing Energy Management System Model

In order to provide effective and sustainable energy generation, storage, and distribution, a microgrid with EMS (energy management system) Optimization for solar–hydrogen utilizing Simulink Matlab requires the integration and synchronization of numerous components (Figure 2). The utility point-of-connection, which acts as the bidirectional energy exchange link between the microgrid and the external power grid, is its fundamental component. The dynamic energy demands inside the microgrid are represented by the variable load component, which varies over time. This allows it to simulate real-world scenarios such as varying loads from different sources or peak demand periods. The appliances and electronics that consume electricity inside the microgrid and add to the total amount of energy consumed are represented by the load component. The hybrid hydrogen system includes storage tanks and electrolyzers for producing hydrogen. This allows excess renewable energy—especially from solar arrays—to be electrolyzed into hydrogen. In a similar vein, the Solar Array component stands for the photovoltaic panels that capture solar radiation and transform it into electrical energy that can either directly power the load, charge the Energy Storage System (ESS), or help produce hydrogen. Lastly, the energy storage system, which is usually made up of batteries, stores extra energy produced by renewable sources for use at times when demand is at its highest or production is at its lowest. One of the most important components of the microgrid design is the EMS Optimization algorithm, which constantly analyzes and optimizes the performance of these components based on variables including energy demand, availability of renewable energy, and grid conditions. Engineers may improve control techniques, maximize energy usage, and guarantee the dependable and effective functioning of the microgrid with EMS Optimization for solar–hydrogen through simulation and analysis in Simulink Matlab. This helps to create a more resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.

Several interconnected components are used in the design of a Simulink Matlab hybrid solar–hydrogen system to enable effective energy conversion, storage, and consumption (Figure 3). Its central component is the solar array, which uses photovoltaic technology to capture sunlight and transform it into electrical energy. This electricity can be stored in the Energy Storage Unit, used immediately to power loads, or directed toward the Electrolysis Unit to produce hydrogen. Using electrical energy, the Electrolysis Unit separates water into hydrogen and oxygen, storing the hydrogen for later use. When demand outpaces supply, energy storage serves as a buffer, storing extra energy from hydrogen synthesis and solar generation. The system’s smooth and stable operation is guaranteed by the Gate Driver and Voltage Regulator, which regulate the energy transfer between parts and keep voltage levels within ideal bounds. The solar array, energy storage, and electrolysis unit’s DC electricity is converted by the inverter into AC electricity that can be connected to a load or the grid. Real-time measurement of system parameters, including voltage, current, and power output, is made possible by the monitoring and feedback mechanisms provided by the measurement grid and measurement inverter components. Engineers can simulate different operating situations, model the interactions between these components, and improve system performance for optimal efficiency and reliability using Simulink Matlab R2022b. Utilizing both renewable and hydrogen technologies to meet energy demands while lowering carbon emissions and fostering energy independence, the hybrid solar–hydrogen system design offers a flexible and sustainable solution to energy generation and storage.

Several parts are included in the Simulink Matlab design of an energy storage system with the goal of effectively controlling energy flow, storage, and usage. The State of Charge (SOC) parameter, which represents the battery system’s current level of charge as a percentage of its entire capacity, is the essential component of this design (Figure 4). The charge that is kept in the battery, or Qbat, is constantly changed in response to the operations of charging and discharging. To ensure ideal charging and discharging rates, the DC–DC converter component controls the energy flow between the battery and external sources, such as solar panels or the grid. The actual battery acts as the storage medium, holding electrical energy in reserve for eventual use and releasing it as needed. The battery system’s current and voltage levels are represented by the visStorage.i and visStorage.v parameters, which offer information on how well the system is working. Lastly, the voltage level between the battery terminals is indicated by visStorage.vBatt. Engineers can simulate different operating situations, describe the interactions between these components, and optimize the system’s performance in terms of longevity, efficiency, and dependability using Simulink Matlab. Demand response capabilities in a variety of applications, the integration of renewable energy sources, grid stability, and the efficient management of energy resources are all made possible by this design of the energy storage system.

4.2. Simulation Result

In order to simulate the dynamic behavior of a solar–hydrogen system using Simulink MATLAB, a number of components, including SOC, PSolar, PStorage, PElectrolyzer, and mH2, must be integrated. The representation of solar power generation (PSolar), which is based on solar irradiance levels and panel properties, is at the center of the simulation. Next, this electrical power is put to use in a variety of ways, such as powering the electrolyzer (PElectrolyzer) to create hydrogen and charging energy storage devices (PStorage) like batteries. As energy is stored or released, the energy storage system’s State of Charge (SOC), which dynamically adjusts, indicates the quantity of energy that is accessible for usage. The mass of hydrogen created throughout the hydrogen generation process is represented by mH2, which further influences the dynamics of the system as a whole. Through the use of Simulink simulations, engineers are able to examine the functionality, effectiveness, and interplay of the solar–hydrogen system in a variety of scenarios. The development of control algorithms for energy management, the optimization of system design parameters, and the assessment of the overall sustainability and reliability of the system are all made easier by this simulation. Engineers can improve solar–hydrogen system designs for maximum performance and to forward the development of clean energy technologies by using extensive simulation (Figure 5).

When simulating an energy storage system using Simulink Matlab, setting the initial State of Charge (SOC) to 100% is more commonly a modeling convention than an accurate depiction of the system. For simplicity’s sake and to show that the battery is completely charged at the start of the simulation, many simulations begin with a SOC of 100%. As a result, the starting circumstances are made simpler, and the simulation can start with the battery fully charged and prepared to provide energy when needed. However, in real-world scenarios, a battery’s initial State of Charge (SOC) could change based on its usage pattern, level of charging, and external factors. In real-world situations, batteries might not always start completely charged since they might have self-depleted over time or been partially discharged during prior usage cycles. As a result, even while simulations frequently employ the starting SOC value of 100% for simplicity, it is crucial to understand that actual battery systems may have varied initial SOC values depending on their unique operating conditions and past. More realistic simulations of battery behavior and system performance can be achieved by changing the starting SOC value to reflect actual conditions.

A dynamic relationship between solar power intake and energy storage levels is indicated by the analytical findings of PSolar and SOC (State of Charge) (Figure 6). Beginning with a SOC of 100, the SOC progressively drops to 75, while PSolar fluctuates between 230 and 250. This drop in SOC illustrates how the system may adjust to shifting energy generating conditions by using stored energy in response to fluctuating solar power inputs.

There is a correlation between solar power generation and energy storage, according to the analysis of PSolar and PStorage, where PSolar ranges from 230 to 250 and PStorage from −10 to −2 (Figure 7). Higher energy storage rates at times of excess solar power generation are indicated by PStorage becoming more negative as PSolar increases. In contrast, PStorage tends to be less negative or even positive when PSolar drops, indicating the release of stored energy to satisfy demand.

The analysis of PSolar (solar power generation) and PStorage (energy storage) demonstrates the relationship between solar power generation and energy storage. The band of 230 to 250 is where PSolar swings, showing changes in solar power output over time. On the other hand, PStorage, which reflects variations in the system’s energy storage levels, spans from −10 to −2. Higher energy storage rates are shown to correspond with times when solar power generation is above average, according to the data. The fact that PStorage becomes more negative as PSolar rises serves as evidence for this. The energy storage system stores excess energy when solar power generation exceeds immediate needs, which causes PStorage to further drop into the negative zone. By properly capturing excess solar energy for future consumption, this negative figure indicates the quantity of energy being stored for later use. On the other hand, PStorage tends to be less negative or even positive during times of decreased solar power generation or increased energy demand. This may indicate that the energy storage device is releasing stored energy to satisfy present energy needs. The stored energy is used to make up the difference when PSolar falls, indicating a decline in the availability of solar power, or when demand exceeds solar generation. As a result, PStorage values become less negative or positive. The dynamic interplay between the system’s energy storage and solar power generation is reflected in the correlation between PSolar and PStorage. More negative PStorage values result from the storage of energy for later use during periods of surplus solar output. On the other hand, stored energy is released to satisfy demand when solar generation is limited or demand exceeds generation, which results in less negative or positive PStorage values. This link emphasizes how crucial energy storage is for improving grid stability, maximizing energy use, and balancing supply and demand in renewable energy systems.

The analysis shows the energy balance between solar power usage and electrolyzer operation by looking at PSolar and PElectrolyzer, with PSolar ranging from 230 to 250 and PElectrolyzer going from 179 to 195 (Figure 8). PElectrolyzer values rise as PSolar rises because more energy is available for electrolysis. On the other hand, lower PSolar inputs lead to lower PElectrolyzer values, which indicate a drop in the energy available to produce hydrogen.

The analysis of PSolar (solar power generation) and PElectrolyzer (energy consumption by the electrolyzer) reveals the energy balance link between solar power usage and electrolyzer operation. The solar power output is represented by PSolar, which varies between 230 and 250, and PElectrolyzer, which varies between 179 and 195, which is the energy used by the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen. According to the analysis, PElectrolyzer values increase in tandem with PSolar, which is a measure of solar power generation. This positive association suggests that when solar power generation is abundant, more energy becomes accessible for electrolysis. The electrolyzer can function more effectively with additional solar input, using the extra energy to electrolyze hydrogen. PElectrolyzer values thus tend to rise during times of increasing solar power generation, indicating greater energy availability for the creation of hydrogen. On the other hand, PElectrolyzer values typically decline in tandem with a decrease in PSolar, which indicates a decrease in solar power output. This inverse relationship means that when solar input is reduced, there is less energy available for electrolysis. PElectrolyzer reflects decreased energy consumption numbers as a result of the electrolyzer receiving less energy to support hydrogen production when solar power generation is lowered. The fall in PElectrolyzer values highlights the reliance of the electrolyzer’s functioning on solar power generation levels, as it signifies a reduction in the energy accessible for hydrogen production. The relationship between PSolar and PElectrolyzer illustrates how solar power generation and electrolyzer operation are directly correlated in the analysis. Increased energy availability for electrolysis is correlated with higher PSolar values, which raise PElectrolyzer values and improve hydrogen production. On the other hand, lower PSolar inputs mean less energy available for electrolysis, which in turn means lower PElectrolyzer values and less hydrogen produced. In order to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen production, it is crucial to optimize solar power generation, which emphasizes the significance of solar power as the principal energy source for electrolyzer operation in hydrogen production systems.

The analysis of PStorage and PElectrolyzer, which have ranges of −10 to −2 and 179 to 195, respectively, shows how energy storage and electrolyzer operation interact (Figure 9). A greater rate of hydrogen synthesis during times of surplus energy storage is indicated by larger negative values of PStorage and increased PElectrolyzer values. On the other hand, PElectrolyzer values often decline when PStorage becomes less positive or negative, indicating lower rates of hydrogen synthesis as a result of lower energy storage levels.

The comparison of PStorage (energy storage) and PElectrolyzer (energy consumption by the electrolyzer) demonstrates the relationship between energy storage and electrolyzer operation. PElectrolyzer, which indicates the energy used by the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, ranges from 179 to 195, while PStorage, which shows fluctuations in the energy storage levels within the system, runs from −10 to −2. Larger negative values of PStorage and higher PElectrolyzer values, which indicate periods of excess energy storage, are indicative of a higher rate of hydrogen synthesis, according to the analysis. PStorage indicates a higher level of energy storage and more energy available for producing hydrogen when it shows more negative values. As a result, the electrolyzer may function more effectively, which raises PElectrolyzer values and increases energy consumption. This association implies that higher rates of hydrogen synthesis through electrolysis are a result of the system’s energy surplus being stored. PElectrolyzer readings frequently decrease when PStorage becomes less positive or negative, indicating reduced quantities of energy storage. Lower rates of hydrogen synthesis come from this dip in PElectrolyzer values, which indicates a decrease in the energy available for electrolysis. There is less excess energy available for the electrolyzer to use in the synthesis of hydrogen when energy storage levels are lowered. As a result, PElectrolyzer values drop, which indicates that the electrolyzer is using less energy and that hydrogen synthesis rates are also declining. The analysis highlights how energy storage and electrolyzer operation in hydrogen generation systems interact dynamically. When there is excess energy storage, higher rates of hydrogen synthesis take place, which causes the electrolyzer to need more energy. On the other hand, lower levels of energy storage lead to lower rates of hydrogen synthesis, which is reflected in the electrolyzer’s lower energy consumption. This knowledge emphasizes how crucial energy storage is to enabling effective electrolyzer operation and maximizing hydrogen production rates in renewable energy systems.

This investigation examines the link between electrolyzer power consumption and hydrogen mass flow rate by examining PElectrolyzer and mH2. PElectrolyzer ranges from 179 to 195, whereas mH2 decreases from 0 to 99 (Figure 10). More rates of hydrogen generation are reflected in mH2, which tends to grow as PElectrolyzer increases, indicating more energy input for electrolysis. On the other hand, mH2 drops in proportion to a fall in PElectrolyzer, indicating a direct relationship between the creation of hydrogen and electrolyzer power consumption. All things considered, the examination of these factors within the framework of a solar–hydrogen storage system emphasizes how energy is generated, stored, and used in a dynamic manner, underscoring the system’s flexibility in responding to changing environmental circumstances and energy requirements.

PElectrolyzer, or the electrolyzer’s energy consumption, and mH2, or the hydrogen mass flow rate, are used to analyze the relationship between the electrolyzer’s power consumption and the rate at which hydrogen is produced. While mH2 drops from 0 to 99, indicating changes in the rate of hydrogen generation over time, PElectrolyzer ranges from 179 to 195, demonstrating fluctuations in the energy spent by the electrolyzer during hydrogen production. According to the investigation, mH2, which tends to climb as PElectrolyzer values rise, reflects higher rates of hydrogen creation. This positive correlation means that more energy is used for electrolysis, which raises the rates at which hydrogen is produced. PElectrolyzer values tend to rise with increased electrolyzer energy consumption, and mH2 values tend to rise with increased rates of hydrogen synthesis. A direct correlation between hydrogen generation and electrolyzer power consumption is shown by the fact that mH2 values decrease in proportion to a decrease in PElectrolyzer. As PElectrolyzer falls, indicating a lower energy input for electrolysis, mH2 values fall as well, indicating a dip in the rates at which hydrogen is generated. The dependence of hydrogen production on the energy used by the electrolyzer is highlighted by this negative correlation. This study illustrates the interplay between energy production, storage, and consumption in the context of a solar–hydrogen storage system. The dynamic link between PElectrolyzer, mH2, and hydrogen generation highlights how adaptable the system is to shifting energy needs and environmental conditions. Through comprehension and enhancement of these variables, the solar–hydrogen storage system may effectively produce, store, and employ energy, hence augmenting sustainability and resilience within energy systems.

The dynamic behavior of a solar–hydrogen storage system can be understood by an examination of the State of Charge (SOC) and hydrogen mass flow rate (mH2) (Figure 11). The SOC drops from 100 to 75 over time, suggesting a progressive loss of energy storage capacity. The use of stored energy to meet energy demand or offset variations in the production of renewable energy is reflected in this fall in SOC. The system’s capacity to store energy declines with SOC, which may call for modifications to energy management tactics in order to preserve system performance and dependability.

The rate of hydrogen synthesis increases in tandem with the increase in mH2, which rises from 0 to 99. Higher amounts of hydrogen synthesis by electrolysis are shown by the growing mH2 readings, which are a result of the energy input and operating parameters of the system. The system may prioritize hydrogen synthesis to store excess energy for later use or to fulfill current energy demand as renewable energy supply varies and energy storage is depleted (reflected in decreasing SOC). The analysis emphasizes how the solar–hydrogen storage system’s energy storage and hydrogen generation interact dynamically. SOC values that are declining indicate that stored energy is being used, whereas mH2 values that are rising indicate increased hydrogen production to meet fluctuating energy needs. The system may efficiently balance energy supply and demand, maximize energy usage, and improve overall system resilience and performance by comprehending and optimizing these dynamics.

Several important conclusions may be made from the analysis of the solar–hydrogen storage system variables:

• Energy Management Flexibility: As seen by the changes in SOC, PStorage, and PElectrolyzer in response to variations in PSolar, the system demonstrates flexibility in controlling energy inputs and outputs. This adaptability enables effective use of renewable energy sources and conditions for energy generation to change.
• Optimal Energy Utilization: The link between PElectrolyzer, PStorage, and PSolar shows how best to use energy in the system. In times of plentiful solar power generation, higher PSolar values ensure efficient storage of excess energy and hydrogen production through improved energy storage and electrolyzer operation.
• Balanced Energy Storage and Production: Energy storage and hydrogen generation have a balanced relationship, as shown by the analysis of PStorage, PElectrolyzer, and mH2. PElectrolyzer and mH2 rise in tandem with higher PStorage values, suggesting effective conversion of stored energy into hydrogen. This equilibrium preserves sufficient energy reserves while guaranteeing steady hydrogen generation.
• Dynamic Response to Demand: The system has the ability to adapt dynamically to changes in energy consumption. Variations in SOC, PStorage, and mH2 show how the system can adapt energy storage capacities and hydrogen production rates to changing energy needs, guaranteeing a consistent and sustainable energy supply.
• Efficiency Optimization Opportunities: The analysis’s findings offer perceptions into possible avenues for enhancing system effectiveness. The energy storage capacity, electrolyzer efficiency, control techniques, and other factors can be adjusted to optimize the system’s performance and make the most use of renewable energy sources.

The robustness, adaptability, and efficiency of the solar–hydrogen storage system in controlling the generation, storage, and use of renewable energy are highlighted by the analysis of the system’s variables. These realizations can direct additional improvements in operational tactics, control algorithms, and system architecture to produce energy solutions that are both affordable and sustainable.

5. Future Prospects

5.1. The Development of AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things)

Particularly in the context of hydrogen systems, the growing solar–hydrogen storage system offers a substantial opportunity for integration with AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things). As a flexible and sustainable energy source, hydrogen has enormous potential to decarbonize a number of industries and sectors, including power generation, transportation, and industry. However, sophisticated monitoring, control, and optimization mechanisms—which can be made possible by AIoT technologies—are needed for the effective production, storage, and use of hydrogen.

Using AIoT to monitor and regulate hydrogen production processes in real-time within solar–hydrogen storage systems is one of the main prospects. AIoT makes it possible to continuously monitor important parameters, including solar irradiance, electrolyzer performance, and hydrogen production rates, by combining sensors, actuators, and cognitive algorithms. In response to changing solar conditions and energy demands, machine learning algorithms may analyze streaming data from these sensors to identify abnormalities, increase hydrogen production efficiency, and optimize electrolyzer operation.

AIoT also makes it easier to detect faults and perform predictive maintenance on the infrastructure used in the generation of hydrogen, which improves system uptime and dependability. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven algorithms can forecast equipment failures, detect maintenance needs, and schedule preemptive interventions to avoid expensive downtime and production disruptions by evaluating previous data and sensor inputs. Predictive maintenance reduces operating risks, increases equipment longevity, and guarantees continuous hydrogen supply—all of which are essential for facilitating the broad use of hydrogen technologies.

Moreover, AIoT integrates hydrogen production, storage, and use with other energy assets like solar PV arrays, batteries, and grid connections to provide intelligent energy management and optimization techniques for solar–hydrogen storage systems. AI algorithms can maximize system efficiency and financial gains by optimizing energy flow, storage, and conversion processes depending on user choices, grid limits, and real-time energy pricing. AIoT-driven energy management provides optimal resource utilization and cost savings while supporting grid stability and renewable energy integration. It does this by dynamically altering energy storage levels, hydrogen production rates, and demand response actions.

AIoT also makes data-driven insights and decision-making easier, which promotes innovation and ongoing improvement in the design and operation of hydrogen systems. Large records produced by solar–hydrogen storage systems can be analyzed by sophisticated analytics tools to find trends, patterns, and optimization opportunities. These insights expedite the development of more effective and scalable hydrogen solutions, promote performance gains, and inform strategic decision-making. AI-driven modeling and simulations also make it possible to virtually evaluate operational scenarios, control algorithms, and system configurations, which lowers development costs and speeds up the time it takes for new hydrogen solutions to reach the market. In order to produce, store, and use hydrogen at new levels of efficiency, sustainability, and dependability, the growing solar–hydrogen storage system offers a strong opportunity for AIoT integration. Hydrogen systems may overcome technological obstacles, improve operational resilience, and hasten the shift to clean energy by utilizing AI-driven monitoring, control, and optimization. Furthermore, breakthrough developments in hydrogen technology are made possible by AIoT-driven insights and innovation, establishing hydrogen as a crucial component of the global energy transition to a low-carbon economy.

Table 3. Promising prospects for emerging the AIoT for hydrogen systems.

No	Prospects	Description
1	Enhanced Energy Management with AIoT Integration	The energy management capabilities of solar–hydrogen storage systems can be greatly improved by integrating AIoT technologies. In order to optimize energy generation, storage, and distribution depending on dynamic environmental conditions, energy demand, and user preferences, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can assess real-time data from a variety of sensors and devices. Predictive maintenance, defect detection, and adaptive control strategies are made possible by this integration, which raises the overall effectiveness and dependability of the system.
2	Intelligent Energy Forecasting and Optimization	Advanced forecasting models can be used by AIoT-enabled solar–hydrogen storage systems to more accurately estimate solar power generation patterns, energy demand trends, and hydrogen production requirements. Through the continual learning of past data and environmental parameters, machine learning algorithms can optimize storage and energy consumption strategies, guaranteeing optimal resource allocation and system performance under a variety of operating scenarios.
3	Autonomous Operation and Decision-Making	AIoT gives solar–hydrogen storage systems the ability to operate autonomously and make decisions. Energy storage levels, hydrogen production rates, and electrolyzer operation are just a few examples of the factors that smart algorithms can dynamically modify in real time to maximize energy efficiency, save expenses, and lessen environmental effects. This self-sufficient feature minimizes the need for human involvement, improves the resilience of the system, and facilitates a smooth integration into smart grid networks.
4	Predictive Maintenance and Asset Management	Predictive maintenance and asset management in solar–hydrogen storage systems are made easier by AIoT integration. Through the analysis of sensor data, machine learning algorithms are able to foresee possible problems or breakdowns, schedule maintenance tasks in advance, and spot early indicators of equipment degradation. AIoT improves system reliability, decreases downtime, and saves maintenance costs over the course of the system’s lifecycle by anticipating maintenance needs and maximizing asset longevity.
5	Data-Driven Insight and Continuous Improvement	Analytics powered by AIoT offer insightful data about how solar–hydrogen storage systems operate and behave. Large datasets can contain hidden patterns, correlations, and optimization opportunities that can be found with advanced analytics tools. This allows for constant innovation and improvement in system design, operation, and energy management techniques. These revelations speed up the shift to sustainable energy systems, promote efficiency gains, and help decision-makers make well-informed choices.

presents various intriguing prospects based on the examination of the solar–hydrogen storage system and the future development of AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things).

The development and implementation of solar–hydrogen storage systems could be completely transformed by the integration of AIoT technologies, opening the door to intelligent, self-sufficient, and sustainable energy solutions for a more environmentally friendly future. These systems can enhance energy efficiency, optimize resource use, and pave the road for a more robust and decentralized energy ecosystem by utilizing AI-driven analytics, predictive algorithms, and autonomous control.

5.2. Smart Energy Generation for a Smart Campus

A great chance to create smart energy generation solutions specifically for smart campuses is presented by the growing solar–hydrogen storage system. Solar–hydrogen storage systems can be a valuable addition to any smart campus’s energy infrastructure, as they are known for their emphasis on efficiency, sustainability, and innovation. These systems complement smart campus goals of lowering carbon emissions, boosting energy resilience, and optimizing resource usage by providing a comprehensive approach to energy generation, storage, and management. Leveraging solar–hydrogen storage systems to improve renewable energy integration on smart campuses is one of the main prospects. Campuses can lessen their dependency on fossil fuels and cut down on greenhouse gas emissions by installing solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays for on-site energy generation, which can be augmented by electrolysis to produce hydrogen. With the use of demand response and peak shaving capabilities, campuses can maximize self-consumption, balance energy supply and demand, and promote grid stability, thanks to the stored hydrogen’s flexible energy storage medium. The examination of the creation of smart energy generation for a smart campus indicates bright future possibilities that correspond with the increasing focus on efficiency, innovation, and sustainability in campus settings. Some important future prospects based on the analysis are shown here (

Table 4. Future prospects that align with smart energy generation for a smart campus.

No	Prospects	Description
1	Integrated Energy Systems	More integrated and networked energy systems will probably be the focus of future smart campuses with smart energy generation technologies. Energy management systems, smart grid infrastructure, energy storage technologies, and a variety of renewable energy sources are all included in this integration. Smart campuses can optimize resource use, minimize environmental impacts, and achieve better energy resilience, efficiency, and sustainability by smoothly merging these components.
2	Decentralized Energy Generation	Decentralized energy production and distribution will be given more importance in the future development of smart energy generation for smart campuses. Micro-hydro systems, wind turbines, and solar PV arrays are examples of distributed energy resources that will be crucial in supplying campus buildings with localized energy. In times of emergency or grid failure, decentralization promotes energy resilience, reduces transmission losses, and permits self-sufficiency.
3	Hydrogen Integration and Fuel Cells	Incorporating hydrogen technologies, including fuel cells and solar–hydrogen storage systems, has enormous promise for smart campuses with smart energy generation in the future. Because of its versatility as an energy carrier, hydrogen can be used for zero-emission transportation, long-term energy storage, and backup power supplies. By producing electricity, heating, and cooling efficiently and sustainably, fuel cell technologies further improve energy resilience and sustainability in campus operations.
4	Advanced Energy Management Systems	Artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology will be used to power sophisticated energy management systems in future smart energy generation solutions for smart campuses. Energy generation, storage, and consumption across campus facilities can be monitored, optimized, and controlled in real-time, thanks to AI-driven analytics, machine learning algorithms, and predictive modeling. Costs are decreased, efficiency is increased, and proactive reaction to shifting energy dynamics and user preferences is made possible by smart energy management.
5	Sustainability Education and Engagement	On smart campuses, future smart energy generation projects will emphasize community involvement, environmental education, and awareness. Technology innovation, cooperative research projects, and experiential learning are encouraged when energy systems are incorporated into interdisciplinary curricula, research projects, and campus sustainability efforts. Building a culture of environmental stewardship and empowering future leaders in clean energy can be achieved by involving students, teachers, staff, and community members in energy conservation, renewable energy adoption, and sustainability practices.
6	Demonstration and Showcase Projects	Upcoming smart energy generation projects on smart campuses will function as initiatives to showcase and demonstrate cutting edge energy practices and technologies. These initiatives demonstrate the viability, efficiency, and advantages of sustainable energy solutions, encouraging their acceptance and replication in other educational settings, local communities, and commercial sectors. Smart campuses encourage greater societal change in the direction of a sustainable energy future by setting an example.

).

Future advancements in smart campus smart energy generation have enormous potential to improve sustainability, innovate, and educate while revolutionizing energy systems. Smart campuses may lead the way in implementing integrated energy solutions, decentralized generation, advanced energy management systems, hydrogen technologies, sustainability education, and demonstration projects. These strategies will help pave the way for a future where energy is more efficient, sustainable, and resilient. In addition to improving campus operations, these future prospects support larger initiatives to combat climate change, advance energy security, and create resilient communities.

Smart campuses can also optimize the use of renewable energy resources while lowering energy costs and environmental effects, thanks to solar–hydrogen storage systems. Campuses can leverage real-time data, weather forecasts, and user preferences to improve energy generation, storage, and distribution through the integration of smart grid technology, energy management systems, and predictive analytics. In order to maximize energy efficiency and cost savings, intelligent algorithms can prioritize renewable energy sources, dynamically modify energy flows, and optimize energy use across campus buildings, facilities, and transportation fleets. Furthermore, solar–hydrogen storage systems enable smart campuses to improve their energy dependability and resilience in the event of catastrophes and disruptions. When there are grid failures or low solar irradiation times, the stored hydrogen acts as a backup energy source to keep vital facilities like research labs, hospitals, and emergency response units powered continuously. Furthermore, off-grid operations can be supported by hydrogen-powered fuel cell systems, allowing for remote and decentralized energy generation in campus buildings situated in isolated or sparsely connected areas. In addition, solar–hydrogen storage systems provide smart campuses with research and instructional opportunities to include researchers, faculty, and students in sustainable energy innovation and experimentation. Universities can encourage experiential learning, teamwork in research projects, and technological innovation in the areas of renewable energy, hydrogen technologies, and smart grid integration by integrating these systems into interdisciplinary curricula, research projects, and campus sustainability initiatives. These educational initiatives support the development of clean energy solutions, foster a culture of sustainability, and equip upcoming generations of energy leaders.

Smart campuses have a compelling opportunity to create smart energy generation solutions that complement their technical ambitions and sustainability aims with the growing solar–hydrogen storage system. Campuses can improve energy resilience, optimize energy management, integrate renewable energy sources more effectively, and promote research and education in sustainable energy technologies by incorporating solar–hydrogen storage systems into their energy infrastructure. In addition to improving campus operations, this all-encompassing strategy supports larger societal initiatives to combat climate change and create a sustainable energy future.

6. Conclusions

This review concludes by highlighting the importance and promise of solar–hydrogen storage systems in transforming the production, storage, and use of energy. It is clear from a thorough analysis of many parameters, including SOC, PSolar, PStorage, PElectrolyzer, mH2, and their interactions, that solar–hydrogen storage systems provide an adaptable and sustainable way to deal with the problems of energy storage, grid stability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. The analysis emphasizes how dynamic solar–hydrogen storage systems are, demonstrating how they may adjust to changing solar power inputs, maximize energy efficiency, and maintain grid stability. Engineers may simulate and optimize the performance of these systems by integrating MATLAB Simulink modeling, which facilitates well-informed decision-making and effective system design. Additionally, the analysis suggests that AIoT technologies may be integrated, which might improve the solar–hydrogen storage systems’ intelligence, dependability, and efficiency even more. Predictive maintenance, AIoT-powered analytics, and autonomous operation capabilities can improve system resilience, optimize energy management, and speed up decision-making in real time in response to shifting energy demands and environmental circumstances. Systems that use solar–hydrogen storage have bright future potential. Smarter, more robust energy systems are made possible by integration with AIoT technology, which presents prospects for autonomous control, predictive analytics, and enhanced energy management. Additionally, the utilization of solar–hydrogen storage systems in applications like smart campuses creates new opportunities for community involvement, sustainability, and creativity.

The analysis emphasizes how solar–hydrogen storage technologies have the potential to revolutionize energy generation and storage in the future. Solar–hydrogen storage systems can help create a more resilient, decentralized, and sustainable energy ecosystem by utilizing cutting-edge technologies, utilizing renewable energy sources, and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration. This will accelerate the shift towards a more environmentally friendly and sustainable future.

A number of directions can be pursued in future studies to improve knowledge and the application of solar–hydrogen storage systems. First, research into the creation of cutting-edge materials and parts for electrolyzers and hydrogen storage tanks may result in increases in efficacy, robustness, and affordability, which would hasten the adoption of hydrogen technologies. Furthermore, researching the integration of non-solar renewable energy sources, like wind and hydropower, may shed light on how to best optimize hybrid renewable energy systems for improved energy production and storage. Furthermore, investigating cutting-edge AIoT-driven optimization algorithms and control methodologies designed especially for solar–hydrogen storage systems may present new avenues for enhancing system resilience, grid integration, and energy efficiency. Comprehensive techno-economic assessments and feasibility studies may also shed light on the scalability and economic viability of solar–hydrogen storage systems across a range of applications and geographical areas. In conclusion, exploring regulatory incentives, market mechanisms, and policy frameworks to facilitate the extensive implementation and acceptance of solar–hydrogen storage systems may aid in removing obstacles and hastening the shift to a sustainable energy future. In order to fully exploit the promise of solar–hydrogen storage systems in tackling the difficulties of renewable energy integration, energy storage, and climate change mitigation, these recommendations for future studies aim to develop knowledge, technology, and policy solutions.

The shift to sustainable energy alternatives, which lessen dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate their environmental effects, is fueled by research on solar–hydrogen systems. Research on hydrogen generation and storage methods powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar power, promotes cleaner energy systems that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Integration plays a critical role in tackling environmental concerns and fostering positive change by promoting environmental awareness and education in university settings, which in turn inspires future generations to embrace renewable energy and support conservation initiatives. An essential component of this solar–hydrogen system’s functioning is its energy efficiency, which demonstrates its capacity to generate hydrogen with low energy losses and make efficient use of renewable energy sources. The system maximizes energy conversion efficiency by using solar electricity for electrolysis, utilizing clean and sustainable energy to produce hydrogen gas. Furthermore, throughout the hydrogen production process, optimal performance and minimal energy waste are guaranteed by the integration of cutting-edge technologies and optimization methodologies. The plant works to improve energy efficiency, reduce resource consumption, and maximize production through ongoing monitoring, analysis, and improvement programs. This helps to create a more sustainable and ecologically friendly energy landscape.

When implementing a solar–hydrogen system in a non-academic setting, such as for industry or commercial applications, the main priorities are economy, efficiency, and practical concerns. Prioritizing elements like cost-effectiveness, scalability, and dependability helps businesses and organizations make sure the system efficiently satisfies energy demands while staying financially viable. In non-academic settings, competition, legal restrictions, and market demands frequently influence decision-making, placing a higher focus on profitability and performance optimization. In order to maximize energy use and minimize interruption, non-academic contexts may also prioritize the integration of solar–hydrogen systems into existing infrastructure or grid networks. Solar–hydrogen system research and development are motivated by scientific inquiry, innovation, and knowledge growth in an academic atmosphere. Academic establishments prioritize investigating basic concepts, carrying out investigations, and creating novel technologies to enhance system effectiveness, durability, and comprehension. Academic researchers can look into new materials, design techniques, and control algorithms to improve system performance and solve technical issues. In addition, academic environments place a strong emphasis on teamwork, peer review, and sharing research results through conferences and publications in order to expand the body of knowledge within the scientific community. Academic contexts frequently place a higher priority on scientific rigor, theoretical research, and long-term sustainability than on immediate commercial benefits, even though economic factors are also important.

This analysis concludes by highlighting the revolutionary potential of solar–hydrogen storage systems in transforming energy production and storage. These systems, by utilizing cutting-edge technologies, utilizing renewable energy sources, and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, hold the key to establishing a robust, decentralized, and sustainable energy ecosystem. These developments will hasten the shift to a future that is more sustainable and friendly to the environment. Looking ahead, there are a lot of opportunities for more research and development in the field of solar–hydrogen storage. Subsequent research endeavors may explore the creation of cutting-edge materials and components for electrolyzers and hydrogen storage tanks. The objective would be to augment their efficiency, durability, and affordability, consequently expediting the extensive integration of hydrogen technologies. Furthermore, studies on the integration of renewable energy sources other than solar power, like wind and hydropower, may provide information on how to best optimize hybrid renewable energy systems for increased energy storage and output. Furthermore, examining state-of-the-art AIoT-driven optimization algorithms and control approaches designed especially for solar–hydrogen storage systems may open up new avenues for enhancing grid integration, energy efficiency, and system resilience.

Additionally, in order to evaluate the scalability and economic viability of solar–hydrogen storage systems across a range of applications and geographic locations, thorough techno-economic assessments and feasibility studies are essential. In order to remove obstacles and hasten the broad adoption of solar–hydrogen storage systems, we must investigate regulatory incentives, market mechanisms, and policy frameworks. Only then will we be able to move closer to a sustainable energy future. To put it briefly, the goal of these future research avenues is to improve our knowledge, technology, and policy approaches to fully utilize solar–hydrogen storage systems’ potential in tackling the problems of energy storage, climate change mitigation, and the integration of renewable energy sources.