An In-Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Metals Concentration in the Third Molars from Residents of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area and Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Those Metals: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Determination of Toxic Metals in the Study Material
2.3. Mineralization of Examined Material
2.4. Examination of Toxic Metals in the Samples
- Determination of trace elements—Determination of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, and chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after dry mineralization [18]—Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cr—PN-EN 14082: 2004 Food products.
- Determination of heavy metal content by atomic emission spectrometry—Determination of nickel content [19]—Ni—PN-A-86939-6: 1998 Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
- Determination of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc content—Atomic absorption spectrometry method [20]—Mn—PN-EN ISO 6869: 2002 Feed
2.5. Methodology of Blood Collection and Determination of Vitamin D3
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristic of Patients
3.2. The Content of Toxic Metals in the Removed Teeth in Patients from the LG Copper Area and in Control Group
3.3. Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Toxic Metals in the Teeth of Patients Residing in the LG District
3.4. Content of Manganese
3.5. Content of Chromium and Nickel
3.6. Content of Copper
3.7. Content of Iron
3.8. Content of Cadmium
3.9. Content of Lead
3.10. Content of Zinc
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. The Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Determined Element | Wavelength (nm) | Gap (nm) | Air-Acetylene Flow (L/min) | Background Correlation | Characteristic Concentration c (mg/L) | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | 341.5 | 0.2 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.005 | 0.9997 |
Fe | 372.0 | 0.2 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.011 | 1.0000 |
Cu | 327.4 | 0.2 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.015 | 0.9999 |
Mn | 279.5 | 0.2 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.009 | 0.9996 |
Cd | 228.8 | 0.5 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.005 | 0.9998 |
Pb | 217.0 | 1.0 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.005 | 0.9997 |
Zn | 213.9 | 1.0 | 13.50/2.00 | on | 0.012 | 1.0000 |
Variable | Total (n = 69) | LG Copper Area—No (n = 20) | LG Copper Area—Yes (n = 49) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: | 0.763 | |||
male | 16 (23.2) | 4 (20.0) | 12 (24.5) | |
female | 53 (76.8) | 16 (80.0) | 37 (75.5) | |
Age (years old) | 27.0 (22.0–31.0) [25.6–30.9] | 25.0 (24.0–27.5) [23.7–27.6] | 29.0 (22.0–32.0) [25.8–32.0] | 0.305 |
Age (years old): | 0.092 | |||
16–26 | 34 (49.3) | 12 (60.0) | 22 (44.9) | |
27–37 | 29 (42.0) | 8 (40.0) | 21 (42.9) | |
38–45 | 6 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (12.2) | |
Smoking | 0.682 | |||
no | 61 (88.4) | 17 (85.0) | 44 (89.8) | |
yes | 8 (11.6) | 3 (15.0) | 5 (10.2) | |
Occupation: | 0.245 | |||
student | 20 (28.9) | 5 (25.0) | 15 (30.6) | |
worker | 10 (14.5) | 1 (5.0) | 9 (18.4) | |
white-collar worker | 39 (56.5) | 14 (70.0) | 25 (51.0) | |
Years of residence in the LG copper district (n = 49): | - | - | ||
≤20 years old | 17 (34.7) | 17 (34.7) | ||
21–30 years old | 19 (38.8) | 19 (38.8) | ||
≥31 years old | 13 (26.5) | 13 (26.5) | ||
Thyroid and parathyroid glands diseases: | 1.000 | |||
no | 62 (89.9) | 18 (90.0) | 44 (89.8) | |
yes | 7 (10.1) | 2 (10.0) | 5 (10.2) | |
Cardiac diseases: | 0.498 | |||
no | 67 (97.1) | 19 (95.0) | 48 (98.0) | |
yes | 2 (2.9) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
Dietary supplements: | 0.453 | |||
no | 46 (66.7) | 12 (60.0) | 34 (69.4) | |
yes | 23 (33.3) | 8 (40.0) | 15 (30.6) | |
Reason of extraction: | 0.020 * | |||
surgical | 54 (78.3) | 20 (100.0) | 34 (69.4) | |
orthodontic | 8 (11.6) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (16.3) | |
inflammation | 7 (10.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (14.3) | |
Vit. D3 (ng/mL) | 27.0 (19.8–29.5) [22.5–32.1] | 27.8 (25.5–32.2) [24.9–37.6] | 26.4 (18.5–28.4) [20.9–31.8] | 0.135 |
Vit. D3 (ng/mL): | 0.173 | |||
<20—big deficiency | 18 (26.1) | 3 (15.0) | 15 (30.6) | |
20–29—deficiency | 34 (49.3) | 9 (45.0) | 25 (51.0) | |
30–50—norm | 11 (15.9) | 6 (30.0) | 5 (10.2) | |
51–100—above the norm | 6 (8.7) | 2 (10.0) | 4 (8.2) |
Variable | Total (n = 69) | LG Copper Area —No (n = 20) | LG Copper Area —Yes (n = 49) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn (µg/g) | 0.19 (0.13–0.28) [0.19–0.28] | 0.17 (0.14–0.25) [0.14–0.34] | 0.22 (0.13–0.30) [0.19–0.28] | 0.796 |
Cr (µg/g) | 0.0 (0.00–0.00) [0.03–0.16] | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) [0.00–0.29] | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) [0.03–0.14] | 0.667 |
Ni (µg/g) | 0.0 (0.00–0.00) [0.00–0.32] | 0.0 (0.00–0.00) [0.00–0.13] | 0.00 (0.00–0.04) [0.00–0.43] | 0.183 |
Cu (µg/g) | 0.12 (0.05–0.24) [0.09–0.25] | 0.08 (0.01–0.15) [0.01–0.17] | 0.13 (0.06–0.28) [0.10–0.26] | 0.103 |
Fe (µg/g) | 3.59 (1.82–5.88) [3.56–6.14] | 1.81 (1.23–4.79) [1.23–6.03] | 3.86 (2.51–6.23) [3.82–6.28] | 0.016 * |
Cd (µg/g) | 0.06 (0.05–0.09) [0.05–0.09] | 0.06 (0.05–0.08) [0.05–0.08] | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) [0.05–0.09] | 0.117 |
Pb (µg/g) | 0.47 (0.30–0.66) [0.34–0.68] | 0.31 (0.22–0.48) [0.25–0.48] | 0.53 (0.37–0.75) [0.39–0.76] | 0.002 * |
Zn (µg/g) | 100.36 (90.24–150.69) [93.29–141.26] | 99.70 (81.40–114.95) [88.63–118.51] | 103.80 (90.31–155.17) [94.06–151.67] | 0.311 |
(A) | ||||||||
Variable | Mn (µg/g) | p-Value | Cr (µg/g) | p-Value | Ni (µg/g) | p-Value | Cu (µg/g) | p-Value |
Gender: | 0.633 | 0.485 | 0.192 | 0.463 | ||||
male (n = 12) | 0.21 (0.15–0.29) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.15 (0.07–0.32) | ||||
female (n = 37) | 0.22 (0.12–0.30) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.10) | 0.12 (0.06–0.24) | ||||
Age (years old): | 0.328 | 0.669 | 0.655 | 0.061 # | ||||
16–26 (n = 22) | 0.15 (0.12–0.23) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.07 (0.05–0.15) | ||||
27–37 (n = 21) | 0.25 (0.13–0.31) | 0.00 (0.00–0.39) | 0.00 (0.00–0.55) | 0.16 (0.10–0.36) | ||||
38–45 (n = 6) | 0.24 (0.13–0.33) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.26 (0.03–0.40) | ||||
Smoking | 0.436 | 0.940 | 0.785 | 0.778 | ||||
no (n = 44) | 0.22 (0.13–0.31) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 0.12 (0.06–0.28) | ||||
yes (n = 5) | 0.13 (0.12–0.22) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.14 (0.07–0.20) | ||||
Occupation: | 0.043 * | 0.085 # | 0.072 # | 0.569 | ||||
student (n = 15) | 0.14 (0.10–0.16) 1 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.07 (0.05–0.42) | ||||
worker (n = 9) | 0.27 (0.19–0.31) | 0.00 (0.00–0.27) | 0.00 (0.00–0.39) | 0.12 (0.01–0.16) | ||||
white-collar worker (n = 25) | 0.25 (0.13–0.37) 1 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.45) | 0.15 (0.07–0.28) | ||||
Years of residence in the LG Copper Area: | 0.624 | 0.233 | 0.221 | 0.389 | ||||
≤20 years (n = 17) | 0.19 (0.11–0.23) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.08 (0.06–0.28) | ||||
21–30 years old (n = 19) | 0.26 (0.13–0.31) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.39) | 0.13 (0.04–0.20) | ||||
≥31 years old (n = 13) | 0.21 (0.13–0.28) | 0.00 (0.00–0.27) | 0.00 (0.00–0.45) | 0.22 (0.07–0.40) | ||||
Thyroid and parathyroid glands diseases: | 0.381 | 0.509 | 0.620 | 0.655 | ||||
no (n = 44) | 0.21 (0.13–0.29) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) | 0.12 (0.05–0.28) | ||||
yes (n = 5) | 0.28 (0.13–0.33) | 0.00 (0.00–0.27) | 0.00 (0.00–0.45) | 0.15 (0.03–0.22) | ||||
Dietary supplements: | 0.182 | 0.189 | 0.250 | 0.887 | ||||
no (n = 34) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) | 0.0 (0.00–0.00) | 0.0 (0.00–0.00) | 0.12 (0.05–0.29) | ||||
yes (n = 15) | 0.26 (0.13–0.33) | 0.00 (0.00–0.44) | 0.00 (0.00–0.52) | 0.15 (0.06–0.23) | ||||
Reason of extraction: | 0.563 | 0.797 | 0.694 | 0.121 | ||||
surgical (n = 34) | 0.19 (0.13–0.28) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.15 (0.06–0.36) | ||||
orthodontic (n = 8) | 0.21 (0.10–0.34) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.06 (0.02–0.13) | ||||
inflammation (n = 7) | 0.27 (0.12–0.38) | 0.00 (0.00–0.27) | 0.00 (0.00–0.45) | 0.08 (0.05–0.24) | ||||
Vit. D3 (ng/mL): | 0.012 * | 0.034 * | 0.112 | 0.818 | ||||
<20 (n = 15) | 0.23 (0.16–0.30) | 0.00 (0.00–0.42) | 0.00 (0.00–0.55) | 0.08 (0.04–0.29) | ||||
20–29 (n = 25) | 0.13 (0.09–0.23) 1 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.15 (0.07–0.28) | ||||
30–50 (n = 5) | 0.28 (0.25–0.40) 1 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.06 (0.05–0.23) | ||||
51–100 (n = 4) | 0.27 (0.19–0.32) | 0.00 (0.00–0.13) | 0.00 (0.00–0.31) | 0.09 (0.04–0.28) | ||||
(B) | ||||||||
Variable | Fe (µg/g) | p-Value | Cd (µg/g) | p-Value | Pb (µg/g) | p-Value | Zn (µg/g) | p-Value |
Gender: | 0.311 | 0.037 * | 0.843 | 0.492 | ||||
male (n = 12) | 6.72 (1.93–8.11) | 0.05 (0.04–0.07) | 0.52 (0.29–0.75) | 122.27 (87.10–170.66) | ||||
female (n = 37) | 3.72 (2.57–5.67) | 0.08 (0.05–0.10) | 0.53 (0.38–0.68) | 102.57 (92.31–150.72) | ||||
Age (years old): | 0.497 | 0.736 | 0.032 * | 0.088 # | ||||
16–26 (n = 22) | 3.41 (1.94–5.77) | 0.07 (0.04–0.09) | 0.51 (0.33–0.59) 1 | 96.79 (76.67–129.16) | ||||
27–37 (n = 21) | 3.90 (2.97–6.23) | 0.08 (0.07–0.10) | 0.47 (0.33–0.76) | 120.94 (93.68–157.41) | ||||
38–45 (n = 6) | 4.87 (2.57–7.28) | 0.06 (0.04–0.09) | 0.77 (0.56–1.03) 1 | 149.99 (96.73–179.69) | ||||
Smoking | 0.888 | 0.714 | 0.453 | 0.459 | ||||
no (n = 44) | 3.88 (2.51–6.54) | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.54 (0.35–0.75) | 103.82 (91.31–158.02) | ||||
yes (n = 5) | 3.72 (3.59–4.04) | 0.06 (0.03–0.09) | 0.47 (0.47–0.53) | 93.68 (84.49–114.73) | ||||
Occupation: | 0.504 | 0.116 | 0.203 | 0.100 # | ||||
student (n = 15) | 3.72 (2.33–7.34) | 0.06 (0.05–0.10) | 0.41 (0.33–0.66) | 94.70 (75.72–108.77) | ||||
worker (n = 9) | 4.90 (3.20–5.88) | 0.09 (0.07–0.10) | 0.56 (0.51–0.90) | 132.22 (95.18–163.22) | ||||
white-collar worker (n = 25) | 3.62 (2.51–5.98) | 0.06 (0.04–0.08) | 0.53 (0.30–0.68) | 129.16 (93.68–158.62) | ||||
Years of residence in the LG Copper Area: | 0.956 | 0.719 | 0.740 | 0.088 # | ||||
≤20 years (n = 17) | 3.91 (1.94–5.98) | 0.09 (0.06–0.10) | 0.54 (0.30–0.66) | 95.18 (84.49–103.79) | ||||
21–30 years old (n = 19) | 3.62 (2.51–6.35) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.51 (0.33–0.68) | 108.77 (92.31–155.17) | ||||
≥31 years old (n = 13) | 3.86 (2.61–5.88) | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.53 (0.41–0.92) | 146.21 (96.73–167.76) | ||||
Thyroid and parathyroid glands diseases: | 0.346 | 0.631 | 0.457 | 0.934 | ||||
no (n = 44) | 3.81 (2.54–6.54) | 0.07 (0.04–0.10) | 0.52 (0.35–0.71) | 103.82 (87.37–156.29) | ||||
yes (n = 5) | 3.86 (1.63–4.56) | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) | 0.62 (0.47–0.92) | 96.73 (95.69–132.22) | ||||
Dietary supplements: | 0.580 | 0.196 | 0.273 | 0.887 | ||||
no (n = 34) | 3.58 (2.33–6.23) | 0.06 (0.04–0.09) | 0.49 (0.30–0.74) | 100.72 (84.49–163.22) | ||||
yes (n = 15) | 3.90 (2.88–6.35) | 0.08 (0.06–0.10) | 0.59 (0.42–0.76) | 114.73 (92.87–150.69) | ||||
Reason of extraction: | 0.152 | 0.984 | 0.899 | 0.455 | ||||
surgical (n = 34) | 4.73 (2.99–6.72) | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.52 (0.38–0.74) | 106.28 (90.24–163.22) | ||||
orthodontic (n = 8) | 2.56 (1.69–7.05) | 0.07 (0.04–0.09) | 0.52 (0.26–0.73) | 96.79 (75.40–127.28) | ||||
inflammation (n = 7) | 2.57 (1.82–3.90) | 0.09 (0.03–0.10) | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | 132.22 (95.69–158.62) | ||||
Vit. D3 (ng/mL): | 0.693 | 0.783 | 0.722 | 0.008 * | ||||
<20 (n = 15) | 3.62 (2.33–7.22) | 0.06 (0.04–0.09) | 0.51 (0.30–0.74) | 158.62 (99.13–174.00) 1 | ||||
20–29 (n = 25) | 4.90 (2.61–6.23) | 0.08 (0.04–0.10) | 0.54 (0.33–0.77) | 95.18 (76.67–108.77) 1 | ||||
30–50 (n = 5) | 2.88 (2.57–2.99) | 0.07 (0.07–0.10) | 0.63 (0.57–0.68) | 146.21 (90.24–155.17) | ||||
51–100 (n = 4) | 4.09 (1.80–5.78) | 0.06 (0.06–0.08) | 0.47 (0.44–0.51) | 142.45 (108.36–165.77) |
Toxic Metal (µg/g) | Age (Years) | Vit. D3 (ng/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficient (rho) | p-Value | Correlation Coefficient (rho) | p-Value | |
Mn | 0.23 | 0.097 # | −0.04 | 0.791 |
Cr | 0.29 | 0.044 * | −0.29 | 0.038 * |
Ni | 0.17 | 0.240 | −0.25 | 0.071 # |
Cu | 0.31 | 0.027 * | 0.02 | 0.840 |
Fe | 0.15 | 0.303 | −0.07 | 0.638 |
Cd | 0.04 | 0.768 | 0.16 | 0.271 |
Pb | 0.19 | 0.181 | 0.04 | 0.760 |
Zn | 0.46 | <0.001 * | −0.13 | 0.377 |
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Rayad, S.; Dobrzyński, M.; Kuźniarski, A.; Styczyńska, M.; Diakowska, D.; Gedrange, T.; Klimas, S.; Gębarowski, T.; Dominiak, M. An In-Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Metals Concentration in the Third Molars from Residents of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area and Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Those Metals: A Pilot Study. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052904
Rayad S, Dobrzyński M, Kuźniarski A, Styczyńska M, Diakowska D, Gedrange T, Klimas S, Gębarowski T, Dominiak M. An In-Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Metals Concentration in the Third Molars from Residents of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area and Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Those Metals: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(5):2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052904
Chicago/Turabian StyleRayad, Sadri, Maciej Dobrzyński, Amadeusz Kuźniarski, Marzena Styczyńska, Dorota Diakowska, Tomasz Gedrange, Sylwia Klimas, Tomasz Gębarowski, and Marzena Dominiak. 2023. "An In-Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Metals Concentration in the Third Molars from Residents of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area and Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Those Metals: A Pilot Study" Applied Sciences 13, no. 5: 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052904
APA StyleRayad, S., Dobrzyński, M., Kuźniarski, A., Styczyńska, M., Diakowska, D., Gedrange, T., Klimas, S., Gębarowski, T., & Dominiak, M. (2023). An In-Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Metals Concentration in the Third Molars from Residents of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area and Risk Factors Determining the Accumulation of Those Metals: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052904