Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Marine Sources of Bioactive Molecules
2.1. Marine Microorganisms
2.1.1. Bioactive Polysaccharides from Marine Microbiota
Marine Bacteria
Marine Cyanobacteria
2.1.2. Proteins and Bioactive Peptides from Microbiota
Type of Enzymes | Responsible Microorganism | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Protease | Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus mojavensis, Psychrobacter, Clostridium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus | Pharmaceutical (digestive drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs), detergent, and leather industries | [34,36] |
Lipase | Penicillium Oxalicum, Aspergillus flavus, Moraxella, Candida intermedia, Pichia guilliermondii, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Candida parapsilosis, Candia rugosa, Candida quercitrusa, and Yarrowia lipolytica | Detergents, cosmetic production, paper production, and food flavoring | [33,34,37] |
Chitinase and chitosanase | Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus Myxobacter, Sporocytophaga, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Arthrobacter, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, S Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Listonella anguillarum, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Chromobacterium, Clostridium, and Aeromonas hydrophila | Pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetic sectors | [33,38,39] |
Agarases | Pseudomonas galatica, Cytophaga, Alteromonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas | Food industry (beverages, bread, cookies, and some low-calorie food) | [33,34,40] |
Cellulase | Cytophaga, Cellulomonas, Vibrio, and Clostridium, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Chaetomium, Phoma, Sporotrichum, and Penicillium | Cotton and linen product processing, bio-textile auxiliaries, and bio-fertilizer processing | [33,34,38,41] |
Xylanases | Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum | Paper and pulp industries and beverage clarification | [33,42] |
2.1.3. Fatty Acids from Microbiota
2.2. Marine Algae
2.2.1. Macroalgae
Macroalgae Polysaccharides
Macroalgae Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids
Macroalgae Lipids and Fatty Acids
2.2.2. Microalgae
2.2.3. Other Biomolecules from Marine Algae
2.3. Marine Invertebrates
2.3.1. Sponges
2.3.2. Mollusk
2.3.3. Echinoderms
2.3.4. Crustaceans
2.4. Marine Fish
2.4.1. Fish Lipids
2.4.2. Fish Proteins
Development of Fish Protein Hydrolysates/Peptides
2.4.3. Other Compounds/Elements Derived from Marine Fish
3. Marine Bioactive Compounds and the Food Industry
3.1. Bioactive Marine Polysaccharides
3.2. Bioactive Marine Peptides
3.3. Bioactive Marine Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
4. Challenges and Future Trends
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria Species | Strains Producing EPSs | Characteristics of Exopolysaccharide | Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacillus | Bacillus B3-15, Bacillus B3-72, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus thermoantaticus | Different types of EPSs, consisting of tetra saccharide repeating units or structurally different EPSs consisting of trisaccharide repeating unit with a mannopyranoside configuration | Antiviral and immunomodulatory effects | [15,16,18] |
Halomonas | Halomonas sp. TG39 | Heterogenous polymer | Emulsifying activity | [19] |
Planococcus | Planococcus maitriensis Anita I | Contained carbohydrate, protein, uronic acid, and sulfate | Emulsifying activity | [20] |
Enterobacter | Enterobacter cloacae | Acidic polysaccharide which contained high amount of uronic acid, fucose, and sulfate | Emulsifying activity | [19] |
Alteromonas | Alteromonus sp. 1545 | Contained glucose, galactose, gluronic acid, galacturonic acid, and 4,6-0-(1-carboxyethilidine)-galactose | Antiviral activity | [21] |
Biological Activity | Sulfated Polysaccharides | Health Benefits | Species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant | Fucoidan and laminaran | Showed potential to prevent cancer, neurodegenerative, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory diseases | Sargassum fulvellum, Fucus vesiculosus, and Laminaria japonica | [56,61] |
Anticoagulant | Fucoidans and carrageenan | Enhanced the inhibition of thrombin and showed anticoagulant activity | Codium fragile, Codium cylindricum, and Monostroma nitidum | [56,62,63] |
Antiallergic | Fucoidans | Reduced IgE production in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and atopic dermatitis patients | Undaria pinnatifida, P. binghamiae, Ishige okamurae, Hizikia fusiformis, Meristotheca papulosa, Porphyra yezoensis, S. thunbergia, and E. cava | [19,64] |
Antiviral | Fucoidan, carrageenan, galactan sulphate, and xylomannan sulphate | Inhibited virus adsorption to cells by competing with virus binding to cells interacting synergistically with the target cell to block the entry of virus novel therapeutic candidates for Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV) | Codium fragile, Caulerpa racemose, Sargassum horneri, Sargassum patens, Undaria pinnatifida, Cryptonemia crenulate, Nemalion helminthoides, Chondrus crispus, and Gelidiumcartilagineum | [65,66] |
Anticancer activity | Fucoidans | Inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell adhesion to various substrates | Ecklonia cava and Porphyra yezoensis | [67,68] |
Immunomodulating activity | Carrageenan | Stimulated macrophages modulation and have promising anti-inflammatory activities | Porphyra yezoensis, Gracilaria verrucosa, and Ulva rigida | [62,69] |
Bioactive Compound | Sources | Biological Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|
Peptides | Discodermia sp., Geodia sp., Halichondria, Cylindrata, Theonella sp., Microscleroderma sp., Haliclona nigra, Sidonops microspinosa, Cliona vastifica, Clathria sp., and Clathria sp. | Anticancer, antitumor, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antifungal, and immunosuppressive properties | [5,94,95] |
Sterols | Halichondria mooriei, Toxadocia zumi, Dysidea arenaria, Hyrtios eubamma, and Disidea pallescens | Antimicrobial properties | [94,96] |
Phenols | Halichondria panacea, Zygomycale parishii, and Callyspongia diffusa | Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties | [97,98] |
Terpenoids | Spongia officinalis, Luffarella variabilis, Cacospongia scalaris, Phyllospongia foliascens, Sarcotragus sp., and Prianos sp. | Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibiotic, and Na, K-ATPase inhibitory activities | [94,98,99] |
Alkaloids | Stylissa carteri, Hyrtios erecta, Monanchora sp., Corticium sp., Stylissa massa, and Halichondria okadai | Anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties | [93,100] |
Bioactive Compounds | Echinoderms | Biological Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|
Triterpene glycosides/saponins | Bohadschia marmorata, Achlionice Violaecuspidata, Pentacta quadrangularis, Staurocucumis liouvillei, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Eupentacta fraudatrix, Cucumaria frondosa, Holothuria nobilis, Holothuria scabra, and Apostichopus japonicus | Antitumour, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal activities | [10,91] |
Chondroitin Sulphate | Holothuria Mexicana, Stichopus japonicas, Holothuria nobilis, Cucumaria frondosa, and Cucumaria japonica | Anticoagulant, antitumor, antiviral antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties | [10,60,106] |
Steroids | Evasterias retifera, Evasterias echinosoma, Hippasteria kurilensis, Strongylocentrotus nudus, Asterias amurensis, and Craspidaster hesperus | Antitumor, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antibiofouling, antimicrobial, and neuritogenic properties | [107,108] |
Lipids and fatty acids | Bohadschia argus, Cucumaria frondosa, Acaudina molpadioides, Athyonidium chilensis, Strongylocentrotus nudus, Protoreaster nodosus, Paracentrotus lividus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Lytechinus variegatus, Holothuria eduli, and Holothuria scabra | Anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cholesterol-lowering effects | [10,109] |
Proteins, amino acids, and peptides | Cucumaria frondosa and Echinus esculentus | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and DNA and LDL cholesterol oxidation inhibitory activities | [105,110,111] |
Phenolic acids and flavonoids | Cucumaria frondosa, Luidia sarsi, Astropecten irregularis, and Ophiura albida | Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and DNA and LDL cholesterol oxidation inhibitory activities | [104,112,113] |
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Senadheera, T.R.L.; Hossain, A.; Shahidi, F. Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12088. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112088
Senadheera TRL, Hossain A, Shahidi F. Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(21):12088. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112088
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenadheera, Tharindu R. L., Abul Hossain, and Fereidoon Shahidi. 2023. "Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review" Applied Sciences 13, no. 21: 12088. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112088