Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil with Regard to Its Composition
3.2. The Influence of n-Hexane and Ethanol on the Viscosity, Density and Surface Tension of Canola Oil
3.3. Wetting Properties of the Canola Oil Mixture with n-Hexane and Ethanol
4. Conclusions
- The surface tension of canola oil is higher than that of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids being its components, which can result from the greater density of particular chemical groups at the liquid-air interface in comparison to the particular components of canola oil.
- The surface tension of canola oil as well as its components results from the Lifshitz-van der Waals, electron-acceptor and electron-donor intermolecular interactions. However, the contribution of the Lifshitz-van der Waals intermolecular interactions to the surface tension is considerably greater than the acid-base one.
- The density and viscosity of canola oil similar to the surface tension are greater than those for the unsaturated and saturated fatty acids being the components of canola oil. This phenomenon can result from the decrease in the volume of canola oil in comparison to the sum of the volume of individual its components resulting from the increasing intermolecular interactions.
- The addition of n-hexane and ethanol to canola oil decreases its surface tension, density and viscosity to the larger extent than it results from the difference of surface tension, density and viscosity of canola oil and n-hexane. This phenomenon indicates that probably the n-hexane molecules increase the distance between the molecules of canola oil components.
- As a result of the ethanol contact with the canola oil mixture with n-hexane, there is a further decrease in the surface tension, density and viscosity of canola oil. This decrease is not proportional to the difference between the surface tension, density and viscosity of canola oil and ethanol. This effect results probably from the changes of the structure of the canola oil phase as well as the concentration of the components of canola oil solution at the solution-air interface in comparison to the bulk phase.
- At the concentration of n-hexane close to 20% volume the viscosity of the canola oil-n-hexane-ethanol mixture is close to that of the diesel fuel.
- The addition of n-hexane and ethanol to canola oil changes its wetting properties in relation to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic solids.
- To sum up it can be stated that the addition of n-hexane and ethanol at a given amount improves the canola oil physical properties regarding its possible application as a fuel in the diesel engine.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substance | % | [mN/m] | [mN/m] | [mN/m] | [g/cm3] | [mPa·s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oleic acid | 62 | 32.00 | 26.56 | 5.44 | 0.895 | 26.91 |
Linoleic acid | 20 | 26.09 | 22.15 | 3.94 | 0.9012 | 27.20 |
Alpha-linolenic acid | 12 | 30.15 | 25.65 | 4.50 | 0.9134 | 27.65 |
Palmitic acid | 3 | 29.25 | 26.25 | 2.00 | 0.9052 | 7.60 at 70 °C |
Stearic acid | 2 | 29.01 | 26.51 | 2.50 | 0.842 | 9.81 at 70 °C |
Trans fat a | 0.5 | 27.51 | 25.00 | 2.51 | 0.8521 | 9.12 at 75 °C |
Erucic acid | <0.1 | 28.12 | 26.12 | 2.00 | 0.8571 | 8.75 at 70 °C |
n-heksane | 18.52 | 18.52 | 0.00 | 0.6601 | 0.3102 | |
Ethanol | 23.25 | 21.45 | 1.80 | 0.7892 | 1.22 | |
Canola oil | 33.98 | 32.51 | 1.47 | 0.9161 | 70.45 |
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Longwic, R.; Sander, P.; Zdziennicka, A.; Szymczyk, K.; Jańczuk, B. Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021108
Longwic R, Sander P, Zdziennicka A, Szymczyk K, Jańczuk B. Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(2):1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021108
Chicago/Turabian StyleLongwic, Rafał, Przemysław Sander, Anna Zdziennicka, Katarzyna Szymczyk, and Bronisław Jańczuk. 2023. "Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel" Applied Sciences 13, no. 2: 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021108
APA StyleLongwic, R., Sander, P., Zdziennicka, A., Szymczyk, K., & Jańczuk, B. (2023). Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel. Applied Sciences, 13(2), 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021108