Review on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Biofuel Production from Date Palm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
3. Biomass Generalities
3.1. The Dry Process
- -
- Combustion is a physical–chemical process producing heat through the complete oxidation of fuel in the presence of surplus air.
- -
- The hot water or steam obtained during combustion is mainly used in industry or in heating networks. This steam can be used in a turbine or a steam engine to produce mechanical energy. The production of electricity and heat from the combustion of biomass is called cogeneration [12].
- -
- Biomass gasification is a technology that uses plant material, bone meal, etc., to produce synthesis gas after a thermochemical reaction. The gasification process takes place in a specific reactor in four successive phases as follows: drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction [13]. The gasification of biomass is one of the most important thermo-chemical transformation technologies, offering significant potential for the combination of various energy production systems. The gas generated through the gasification of biomass is an ecological alternative to the use of conventional petrochemical fuels for the generation of hydrogen, synthetic biofuels for transport, electricity and other chemical products. Gas from biomass contains CO, H2, CO2, CH4 and H2O, together with some organic impurities (tar, light hydrocarbon species) and other inorganic impurities (H2S, HCl, NH3), depending on the gasification process and operating conditions [14,15,16].
- -
- Biomass pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic matter at high temperatures to obtain other products that it did not contain in the initial state; the product is obtained either in the form of gas or in the form of volatile matter. This operation is carried out mainly in the absence of oxygen or in an atmosphere that contains only a little oxygen to avoid oxidation and combustion of the organic matter; this technology does not produce a flame. Another variant of biomass pyrolysis is currently being used to treat contaminated biomass or organic household waste.
3.2. The Wet Route
3.3. The Generations and Different Forms of Biomass
- -
- Alcohols are produced from the fermentation of plant starch or sugar, such as corn, beets, wheat, and sugar cane. The product obtained is called bioethanol.
- -
- Pure vegetable oils are generated through the simple cold pressing of oilseeds, notably rapeseed, sunflower and oil palm.
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- Esters are derived from oil plants and are obtained via a complex chemical transformation of the oils resulting from the pressing of the seeds.
3.4. Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials
3.5. Influence of the Parameters on the Products Used during Fast Pyrolysis
3.5.1. When the Temperature Increases
- -
- Condensable phase with oils composed of H2O, a number of organic substances and a number of inorganic substances. The inorganic substances are present in several forms. They include Ca, Si, K, Fe, Na, S, N, P, Mg and heavy metals [25]. The organic substances, frequently referred to as “tars”, are mostly polyaromatic hydrocarbons (molar mass between 78 and 300 g/mol) and aromatics [25,26]. The gaseous phase mainly includes H2O, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H4, H2, C2H2, and other heavier hydrocarbons, and the solid (char) phase mainly contains carbon with small amounts of hydrogen and oxygen. It also contains inorganic species.
3.5.2. Influence of the Heating Rate
3.5.3. Influence of Particle Size
- -
- The higher the gas yield.
- -
- The higher the H2 and CO yield
- -
- The more the quantity of CO + H2 synthesis gas increases
- -
- The larger the H2/CO molar ratio is
- -
- The more the yield of CO2 decreases
- -
- The more the hydrocarbon yield decreases. The gases are quickly expelled from a small particle, and therefore their residence time in the reactor is higher.
- -
- The more the yields of condensable gases and char decrease.
3.5.4. Bio-Oil Composition
3.6. Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Waste
4. Summary of Existing Work on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass
4.1. Synthesis of Recent Articles
4.2. Technology Watch on the Production of Biofuel from Date Palms Using Fast Pyrolysis Technology
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N° | Compound | Range |
---|---|---|
1 | Glycolaldehyde | 1–13.7 |
2 | Acetol | 2.6–8.6 |
3 | Ethanoic acid | 2.5–8.7 |
4 | 4-ethylguaiacol | 0–0.1 |
5 | Methyl | 0.3–0.5 |
6 | Propanoic acid monophenols and monofurans | 0.2–2.8 |
7 | Syringol | 0–0.4 |
8 | 2(5H)-furanone | 0.1–0.8 |
9 | Guaiacol | 0.1–0.5 |
10 | Creosol | 0.1–0.5 |
11 | Eugenol | 0.1–0.6 |
12 | Methyl-2(5H)-furanone | 0–0.2 |
13 | Levoglucosan | 3–6.5 |
14 | Syringylaldehyde Monosugars | 0–0.1 |
15 | Cyclopenten-one | 0.1–0.2 |
16 | Phenol | 0–0.9 |
17 | Catechol | 0.2–0.9 |
18 | 4-methylcatechol | 0–0.5 |
19 | Vanillin | 0–1.5 |
20 | Furfural | 0.1–0.6 |
Composition (%db) | OPT | OPF | EFB | Presscake of Mesocarp |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 18.1 | 18.3 | 21.2 | 14.1 |
Hemicellulose | 25.3 | 33.9 | 24 | - |
Holocellulose | 76.3 | 80.5 | 65.5 | - |
α-cellulose | 45.9 | 46.6 | 41 | 20.5 |
Alcohol-benzene | 1.8 | 5 | 4.1 | - |
Ashes | 1.1 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.7 |
Oil Palm Waste | Type of Pyrolysis | Results | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shell | ATG-Slow | Volatile matter (77.6) | [45] | |
DAP waste | Fast | Bio-oil yield is 23% at 600 °C | [50] | |
Fronds | ATG-slow | - | [51] | |
mesocarp and palm frond | Fixed bed—Slow | Maximum oil yield by mass is 48% at 500 °C with mesocarp and 47% at 600 °C with palm frond | [52] | |
Shell | slow | - | [53] | |
OPT | Fixed bed—Slow | Bio-oil yield is 20% at 600 °C | [54] | |
OPT | Fixed bed | 40.87 | 500 °C | [55] |
OPF | 43.50 | |||
PL | 16.58 | |||
PLR | 29.02 | |||
OPT and EFB | TGA | - | [56,57] |
Subject | Author | Summary |
---|---|---|
A review of the Chemical and physical mechanisms Of the Storage stability of Fast pyrolysis bio-oils [58] | Diebold, J.P. | This article examines the chemical and physical mechanisms responsible for the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. Fast pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion process used to produce biofuels from biomass. However, fast pyrolysis bio-oils can be unstable and undergo undesirable reactions that affect their quality and shelf life. The article starts by explaining the factors that influence the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils, such as chemical composition, the presence of oxygenates, oxidation reactions, polymer formation, thermal degradation processes and the influence of impurities. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to improve the stability of bio-oils and extend their shelf life. The authors also review the various approaches and strategies used to improve the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils, such as modification of the chemical composition, use of stabilizing additives, heat treatment, dehydration, filtration and purification. They also highlight the importance of developing effective stabilization processes to make fast pyrolysis bio-oils more marketable and promote their use in a diverse range of applications. The review offers an overview of the chemical and physical mechanisms affecting the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. It highlights the challenges associated with bio-oil stability and proposes strategies for improving their shelf life. This information is critical for the development and use of fast pyrolysis bio-oils as a source of renewable energy. |
PYROLYSIS KINETICS OF OIL-PALM SOLID WASTE [59] | Mohd Din, A.T. et al. | This paper describes a study on the pyrolysis process kinetics of oil palm solid waste. Oil palm solid waste is an important source of residual biomass from the palm oil transformation industry. Pyrolysis is a technique of thermochemical transformation used to convert this biomass into useful products such as charcoal, pyrolysis gases and bio-oils. This article analyzes the pyrolysis kinetics of solid oil palm waste. The pyrolysis kinetics are important to understanding the decomposition mechanisms of biomass and to optimizing the parameters of the pyrolysis in the process. The present study offers different kinetic scenarios, such as the zero-order model, the first-order model and the reaction-complex model, in order to describe the thermal degradation profiles of oil palm waste solids. The researchers tested pyrolysis experiments using lab scale instrumentation and measured degradation processes and output rates at different temperatures and over reaction times. The resulting experimental data were used to adjust kinetic model parameters and to predict the thermal decomposition profiles of oil palm solid residues under different reaction conditions. The kinetic values found in the models showed a good match with experimental data, validating the proposed models. To summarize, this paper offers an extensive background on the pyrolysis process kinetics of solid oil palm waste. |
Thermogravimetry and pyrolysis of date stones [60] | Al-Badri, H.T. et al. | In this article, the authors have carried out a study of the thermal decomposition and pyrolysis of date pits, which are considered as agricultural waste, as well as a potential source of biomass for the production of renewable energy. The study is based on thermogravimetry, a technique that measures changes in the mass of a test sample when it is exposed to a controlled heat increase. The findings show that date pits undergo a complicated thermal decomposition process involving several distinct stages. The stages of the thermogravimetry experiment are mainly based on the following steps: the first is initial moisture loss with low temperatures, and then organic material decomposition at higher temperatures. The decomposition of organic matter releases various by-products such as gas, liquids and solid waste. The results of this article show that pyrolysis of date pits mainly produces biochar, charcoal, pyrolytic liquids and combustible gases. The gases and pyrolytic liquids can be converted into fuels or valuable chemicals, and the biochar can be used as a soil improver, while the pyrolytic liquids can be used as a fertilizer. The present study finds that date pits have considerable potential for energy production and can be processed by both thermogravimetric and pyrolysis techniques. |
Porosity Characteristics of Chars Derived from Different Lignocellulosic Materials [61] | Khalil, L.B. | This article focuses on using date stone as a medium for filtering automobile exhaust particulates. Automobile emissions include various pollutants which are toxic to the environment and human health, such as oxides of nitrogen and small particulates. The findings demonstrated that date stone charcoal was effective in absorbing these types of pollutants, helping to minimize their presence in the exhaust gas. In summary, the paper concludes that the utilization of date stone carbon as an emission filtration material may be a viable possibility for the reduction of vehicular pollution. |
USING DATE STONE CHARCOAL AS A FILTE-ING MEDIUM FOR AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES [62] | Shahad, AHK. et al. | This paper explains that a thermal reactor has been used and was built to produce charcoal from date stones using pyrolysis technology. The project authors took five charcoal samples to prepare for different maximum carbonization temperatures. During the experiment, it was observed that, as the temperature is increased, the characteristics of the charcoal are refined (the % carbon improves). It was also noted that at 700 °C, the percentage of carbon content remained constant. Charcoal made at this temperature was used as a filter medium in an adsorption filter to purify exhaust gas from a two-stroke spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The experimental results demonstrated that the filter has a high adsorption capacity for CO and CO2 gases. An ORSAT was used to measure the concentration of CO and CO2 in the engine exhaust gases before and after the filter. The filter reduces CO and CO2 concentrations by 62% and 59%, respectively. |
Energy from biomass [63] | Quaak, P. et al. | This article examines the use of biomass as a renewable energy source. Biomass is made up of organic materials of plant or animal origin, such as agricultural residues, forestry waste and energy crops grown specifically for this purpose. Using biomass as an energy source has several advantages. First, it is renewable because plants and trees can be replanted and grown continuously. In addition, the use of biomass reduces greenhouse gas emissions, because burning biomass only releases the amount of carbon dioxide that was recently absorbed by plants during their growth. This makes it a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. The article also discusses the various methods used to convert biomass into energy. One of the commonly used methods is direct combustion, where biomass is burned to generate heat, which can then be used to generate electricity or for heating. Another method is the conversion of biomass into biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. These biofuels can be used as substitutes for fossil fuels in vehicles. The article, however, highlights some challenges associated with using biomass as an energy source. For example, the availability and collection of large quantities of biomass can be expensive and require adequate logistics. In addition, the conversion of biomass into energy can lead to polluting emissions if the appropriate technologies are not used. In conclusion, the article highlights the potential of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diversify the energy mix. However, further efforts are needed to develop more efficient technologies and to ensure the sustainable management of biomass to maximize its environmental usefulness. |
Fast Pyrolysis of Stored Biomass Feedstocks [64] | Agblevor, F.A. et al. | This article presents a comprehensive review of the research conducted by Agblevor, F. A.; Besler, S. and Wiselogel, A. E. on fast pyrolysis of stored biomass feedstocks. The authors’ work is focused on the conversion of biomass into valuable energy based products by Fast heating of biomass under controlled conditions. The study emphasizes the importance of fast pyrolysis as a potentially promising technology for biomass utilization, especially for renewable energy production. The authors highlight the potential of this process to address the challenges associated with storing biomass feedstocks, such as agricultural residues, wood waste and energy crops. By quickly heating biomass materials to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, fast pyrolysis enables the production of a variety of energy-rich products, including bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. |
Extraction of oil from palm seeds (phoenix) Dactylifera [65] | Ali, M.A. et al. | In the article “Extraction of oil from palm seeds (phoenix Dactylifera)” by Ali, M.A. et al., fast pyrolysis of palm [65] seeds was carried out for seeds of size 0.425 mm with a residence time of 2 h; the researcher used the solvent “n-hexane” in the reaction to produce the biofuel with a yield of 8.5% by weight Seed size: 0.425 mm. Time 2 h. Solvent: n-hexane. Max yield: 8.5% by weight. |
Study of biogas production from date palm fruit waste [66]. | Lattieff, F.A. et al. | Lattieff, F.A. [66] showed in their paper “Study of biogas production from date palm fruit waste” the possibility of producing biogas as a source of energy from date palm fruit waste using reactor batches and that the maximum biogas production was 203 L/kg. VS was obtained when the substrate was mixed with recycled digestate, so with regard to the solid concentration of 0.15 (w/w), the volumes of biogas obtained were estimated at 133 L/kg volatile solids (VS) at thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, respectively, and therefore after the study perfomed in this direction, the adoption of a mesophilic system of biomass remains the best choice to produce biogas from this type of waste. |
Study of the thermal behavior of different date palm residues: characterization and devolatilization kinetics under inert and oxidizing atmosphere [67]. | Jeguirim, M. et al. | In [67], Jeguirim, M et al. studied the thermal behavior of different date palm residues (date palm leaflets (DPL), date palm rachis (DPR), date palm trunk (DPT), dates (DS), and fruit stems sizes (FP)) under inert and oxidizing atmosphere, so common approach was used to model the kinetic parameters of devolatilization of different samples under 2 atm. Jeguirim, M et al. [67] showed that among the studied samples, DCT was the most reactive material under pyrolysis and an oxidation atmosphere, while DS was the least reactive fuel. |
Evaluation of the combustion of date palm residues in a fixed bed laboratory reactor: comparison with the behavior of sawdust [68]. | Elmay, Y. et al. | Under a temperature of 600 °C and with pyrolysis technology, Yassine et al. [68] in his paper “Evaluation of the combustion of date palm residue in a fixed bed laboratory reactor: Comparison with the behavior of sawdust” showed that the stone residue date is among the best biofuels produced, with the highest calorific value, bulk density and the lowest ash content, near 1.2%, as well as volatile matter content. It also has an energy density of 11 GJ per m3, which is four times higher than that of other date residues and for other biomasses, namely the rachis of the date palm (DPR), the trunk of the date palm (DPT) and the fruit stem prunings (FP), for which characteristics were obtained such as chemical composition and energy density. It was also shown that the high amounts of chlorine for DPR and DPT would introduce both potential risks of corrosion in exchange and boiler tubes and the formation of persistent organic pollutants in the form of dioxins [68]. |
Overview of paraffin-based biofuel production by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation [69]. | Mohammad, M. et al. | Under high temperature and hydrogen pressure, Mohammad, M. et al. showed that the process of hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil is one of the promising routes for the production of future fuels, and thus reducing metal catalysts, supported noble metal catalysts and sulfurized metal catalysts are used in this reaction to produce biofuel. |
Conversion of lignin into aromatics-based chemicals (L-chems) and biofuels (L-fuels) [70]. | Beauchet, R. et al. | This paper demonstrated that sodium hydroxide as a catalyst is effective in producing maximum yields of the monomer-rich fraction and high depolymerization of lignin origin particles of 8.4 wt% at 315 °C. |
Investigation of oil palm wastes’ pyrolysis by thermogravimetric analyzer for potential biofuel production [71]. | Noor haza Binti Alias et al. | In [71], Noor haza Binti Alias et al. showed that there are several parameters that influence the pyrolysis process, including the heating rate, the particle size, and the properties of the biomass itself. The smallest yield is obtained for the OPT, with 0.04–0.86% more volatile product when pyrolyzed at two heating rates. In contrast, EFB shows an increase from 3.81 to 9.81%. The high heating rates accelerate maximum degradation from 1.42 to 1.56 mg/s. This also causes the biomass to be degraded in a narrow temperature range of 21 °C. |
Bio-oil from the pyrolysis of palm and jatropha waste in a fluidized bed [72]. | Kim, S.W. | The pyrolysis of palm kernel shells (PKS) was valorized to produce bio-fuel in the study conducted by Sung Won Kim; the study was carried out in an optimized laboratory bed reactor: The maximum yield given in this reaction for palm kernel shell is 48% at 470 °C [72]. |
A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass: An optional technique to obtain a high-grade pyrolysis oil [73]. | Abnisa, F. et al. | Faisal Abnisa et al. [73] showed in their paper “A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass: An optional technique to obtain a high-grade pyrolysis oil“ the possibility of mixing between palm shells and polystyrene waste to increase the rate of liquid pyrolysis, which could be used as a fuel, so they showed that high liquid yields were obtained in the temperature range of 400 to 700 °C with palm shell/polystyrene ratios of 40: 60 and reaction times of 15–45 min. The characterization results studied in this paper demonstrated that the heating value of the liquid of 40.34 MJ/kg was obtained with a water content of 1.9% by weight and oxygen content of 4.24% by weight. The liquid consisted mainly of aromatics, hydrocarbons, and aliphatics. |
Valorization of pruning biomass of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by co-composting with urban and agri-food sludge [74]. | Vico, A. et al. | This paper describes a study to assess the recovery potential of date palm pruning residues using the technique of co-composting with municipal and agri-food sludge. The technique of co-composting is a method of treating organic waste to produce a nutrient-rich, environmentally beneficial soil amendment [74]. The results of the study used different proportions of date palm prunings, urban sludge and agri-food sludge. Phase II tested the physico-chemical characteristics of the compost produced to determine its quality and ability to supply nutrients to plants. The results demonstrate that the co-composting of palm pruning residues with municipal and agri-food sludge was effective in producing quality composts. Analysis revealed high organic material and high organic carbon levels in the resultant compost and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) [74] In parallel, compost made from this mix of residues exhibited favorable physical properties, with good texture and water-holding capacity [74]. The authors also tested the impact of compost application on plant growth using field trials. The results demonstrated that the utilization of the compost improved plant growth, increased soil nutrient content and reduced nutrient loss through leaching [74]. This study demonstrated the efficacy of co-composting date palm pruning with urban and agri-food processing sludge as a method of valorizing agricultural waste. The compost generated has chemical and physical parameters beneficial for the improvement in soil fertility and plant growth. It also contributes to sustainable organic waste treatment by converting it to a useful product for agriculture [74]. |
Waste biorefinery in arid/semi-arid regions [75]. | Bastidas-Oyanedel, J.R. et al. | The paper “Waste biorefinery in arid/semi-arid regions” by Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel, Chuanji Fang, Saleha Almardeai, Usama Javid, Ahasa Yousuf and Jens Ejbye Schmidt examines waste biorefinery in arid and semi-arid regions [75]. In such regions, the management of waste poses a challenging task, due to constraints linked to the limited availability of raw materials and water resources. This study shows the importance of waste biorefinery as a sustainable approach to produce value-added products and valorize waste. It examines the various forms of waste available in these regions, such as food waste, agricultural waste and wastewater. They point out the biological conversion technologies that can be used to process these wastes to produce biobased chemicals, biofuels and fertilizers [75]. The benefits of waste biorefineries in limiting greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing dependence on outside resources and creating new economic opportunities are also presented [75]. |
Pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of date palm biomass thermogravimetric analysis [76]. | Sait, H.H. et al. | The authors used date palm kernels to produce bio-oil and activated carbon in a fixed bed reactor using the fast pyrolysis technique, so they provided some information on the use of date palm biomass as a source of energy or fuel [76]. |
Patents Number | Title | Current Assignees | Process Description |
---|---|---|---|
EP3388498A1 [77]. | Method for producing bio-oil using torrefaction and fast pyrolysis process. | Univ industry foundation yonsei univ wonju campus | The present invention relates to a method of producing a bio-oil, in which torrefaction and fast pyrolysis processes are used, which includes (a) introducing a target raw material into a torrefaction apparatus and torrefying the target raw material; (b) pulverizing the torrefied raw material in a sample pulverizer; (c) quickly pyrolyzing the pulverized and torrefied raw material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor; and (d) condensing a gas obtained by the Fast pyrolysis to obtain a bio-oil, and by which a bio-oil with a low moisture content rate and a high heating value is finally produced. In an exemplary embodiment, the produced bio-oil according to the method has a moisture content rate of 20% by weight or less. Thus, torrefraction is an alternative and promising approach produce high-quality bio-oil. This invention has been filed as a PCT international application and is in force in Europe and Korea. |
WO2017201598A1 [78]. | Integrated process for the pre-treatment of biomass and production of bio-oil | FIBRIA CELULOSE SA | The present invention is aimed at providing an integrated process for the pre-treatment of biomass and to the use of biomass as the raw material in a process for producing biochemicals and bio-fuels, with the present integrated method preferably allowing the production of high-quality bio-oil from biomass such as wood, forestry waste, waste from the sugar and alcohol industries, and energy cane. This invention mentions that many studies in the literature proposed pretreatment steps using acids and bases as well as mechanical fractionation of the material. But these techniques require a high quantity of chemical inputs and considerable investment in equipment. This invention suggests an integrated process for the pretreatment of high-impurity biomass for the production of high-quality raw material using low-cost solvents and/or effluents discarded in existing plants. This invention has been filed as a PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) international application and is legally in force in many countries (Australia, South Africa, Brazil). |
WO2022063926A2 [79] | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR RENEWABLE FUEL | ABUNDIA BIOMASS TO LIQUIDS LTD | The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed at methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit (for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or a hydrotreating unit) for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and the uses and value of the products resulting therefrom. |
WO2013090229A2 [80]. | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR RENEWABLE FUEL | Ensyn Renewables, Inc. | The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed at methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit (for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or a hydrotreating unit) for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and the uses and value of the products resulting therefrom. |
Item | Technology | Temperature °C | Residence Time | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrolysis of date palm waste in a fixed bed reactor: characterization of the pyrolysis of the products [64]. | Fast pyrolysis of date palm waste using a fixed bed reactor | 500 °C | 15 °C/min | 25.99% by weight |
Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pruning biomass by co-composting with urban and agri-food sludge [74]. | Composting technology | 47 °C | 30 days | 0.52 à 0.87% by weight |
Pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of date palm biomass using Thermogravimetric. Analysis [76]. | Fast pyrolysis of date palms such as seeds, leaves and leaf stems | 400 °C | 20 °C/min | 40% by weight |
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Karkach, B.; Tahiri, M.; Haibi, A.; Bouya, M.; Kifani-Sahban, F. Review on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Biofuel Production from Date Palm. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810463
Karkach B, Tahiri M, Haibi A, Bouya M, Kifani-Sahban F. Review on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Biofuel Production from Date Palm. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(18):10463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810463
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarkach, Bahia, Mohammed Tahiri, Achraf Haibi, Mohsine Bouya, and Fatima Kifani-Sahban. 2023. "Review on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Biofuel Production from Date Palm" Applied Sciences 13, no. 18: 10463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810463
APA StyleKarkach, B., Tahiri, M., Haibi, A., Bouya, M., & Kifani-Sahban, F. (2023). Review on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Biofuel Production from Date Palm. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810463