Mechanical Models for Comparative Analysis of Failure Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush of Coal Seam Floors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis
2.1. Hydraulic-Mechanical (HM) Model for Seam Floors
2.2. Analytical Model for Key Strata (KS)
3. Numerical Simulation
3.1. Modeling Descriptions
3.2. Numerical Simulation Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- (1)
- The results of theoretical calculation and numerical simulation exhibit good agreement regarding the ranges of vertical failure of the horizontal and inclined floors. The characteristic of the horizontal floor after coal mining conforms to an approximately “inverted saddle” shape, and shows geometric symmetry along the inclination. Compared with the horizontal floor, the damage zone at the lower end of the inclined stratum presents a wider and deeper range than the upper end.
- (2)
- The possibility of groundwater inrush through the sides of the goaf is relatively higher for both the horizontal and inclined seam floors, with their theoretical maximum failure depths roughly 12 m, 15 m (the upper part) and 12.5 m (the lower part). The distribution of the vertical failure ranges is generally consistent with water inrush zoning on the key strata. For example, the damage zones of the remaining waterproof layers, such as zones 1, 2 and 3, are dominantly concentrated near the model boundaries under the mined-out area. The ordering of these zones in terms of water-inrush risk from the horizontal and inclined impermeable layer is R(H2) = R(H3) > R(H1) and R(I2) > R(I1) > R(I3), respectively. Therefore, effective countermeasures such as goaf filling and floor grouting should be implemented within areas of high risk after coal excavation.
- (3)
- The proposed analytical models are beneficial to a comparative analysis of the failure modes and instability between horizontal and inclined floors. The representation of the fracturing process of the floor rock mass was limited. However, the presented mechanical models reveal the theoretical mechanism inducing the frequent occurrence of inrush disasters at the stope floor close to the rear goaf or the coal wall. Thus, the study results can provide some valuable references for assessing and managing water-related hazards in deep underground engineering.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | γ/(g·cm−3) | G/(MPa) | K/(MPa) | c/(MPa) | φ/(°) | σt/(MPa) | n | k/(m2·(Pa·s)−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roof 5 | 2.5 | 3.6 × 103 | 4.2 × 103 | 4.5 | 33 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3 × 10−15 |
Roof 4 | 2.7 | 2.8 × 103 | 4.5 × 103 | 5.2 | 32 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 5 × 10−14 |
Roof 3 | 2.6 | 4.3 × 103 | 4.1 × 103 | 5.8 | 32 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 3 × 10−14 |
Roof 2 | 2.6 | 2.0 × 103 | 3.0 × 103 | 3.2 | 31 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 4 × 10−16 |
Roof 1 | 2.5 | 3.6 × 103 | 4.2 × 103 | 4.5 | 33 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3 × 10−15 |
Coal seam | 1.4 | 0.6 × 103 | 1.3 × 103 | 2.3 | 20 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 3 × 10−13 |
Floor 1 | 2.7 | 2.8 × 103 | 4.5 × 103 | 5.2 | 32 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 5 × 10−14 |
Floor 2 | 2.5 | 3.6 × 103 | 4.2 × 103 | 4.5 | 33 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3 × 10−15 |
Floor 3 | 2.7 | 2.8 × 103 | 4.5 × 103 | 5.2 | 32 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 5 × 10−14 |
Floor 4 | 2.6 | 2.0 × 103 | 3.0 × 103 | 3.2 | 31 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 4 × 10−16 |
Aquifer | 2.5 | 1.6 × 103 | 2.3 × 103 | 2.0 | 30 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 8 × 10−7 |
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Zhao, C.; Song, W. Mechanical Models for Comparative Analysis of Failure Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush of Coal Seam Floors. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312164
Zhao C, Song W. Mechanical Models for Comparative Analysis of Failure Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush of Coal Seam Floors. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(23):12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312164
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Chunbo, and Wencheng Song. 2022. "Mechanical Models for Comparative Analysis of Failure Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush of Coal Seam Floors" Applied Sciences 12, no. 23: 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312164
APA StyleZhao, C., & Song, W. (2022). Mechanical Models for Comparative Analysis of Failure Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush of Coal Seam Floors. Applied Sciences, 12(23), 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312164