Preparation of 3D Models of Cultural Heritage Objects to Be Recognised by Touch by the Blind—Case Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Works
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Use of 3D Printing Technology in Museology
3.2. The Process of Making Museum Exhibits Available
3.3. Description of Objects
3.4. Acquisition and Data Processing
- (i)
- Registration 1—fine registration, introduction of single scans stored in local coordinate systems;
- (ii)
- Edition of scans—removed artefacts, used selection tools such as: Lasso selection, Cutoff-plane selection and 3D selection;
- (iii)
- Alignment of scans—scans were adjusted by specifying 3–4 pairs of characteristic points on the scans;
- (iv)
- Registration 2—global registration, transfer of single scans from local coordinate systems into the global system, Figure 5a,b;
- (v)
- Fusion 1—outlier removal, object surface points acquired during scanning that are too far from other acquired points are deleted;
- (vi)
- Fusion 2—smooth fusion, assembling the partial scans into one object in the new coordinate system, generating a mesh model;
- (vii)
- Postprocessing 1—if there were holes on the surface of the digital model, they were repaired by using the hole filing or fix holes tools;
- (viii)
- Postprocessing 2—mesh simplification, optimization of the number of faces in terms of the complexity of the digital model and the size of the final file;
- (ix)
- Applying texture—mapping the texture obtained when scanning an object to obtain a photorealistic digital model.
3.5. Preparation of 3D Models for Printing
3.6. Model with Braille Text
- First line: dzban ceramika (ang. pottery jug);
- Second line: XII wiek samarkanda (ang. 12th century Samarkand);
- Third line: muzeum afrasiab (ang. the Afrasiab museum);
- Fourth line: uzbekistan (ang. Uzbekistan).
4. Pilot Studies
- Participants were brought into the room and had a non-translucent eye shield;
- The objects were placed in front of the examined person;
- The participants of the study were asked to try to classify the object into the appropriate group (e.g., mug, jug shell) and to identify individual details of the touched object (handle, spout condition, decorative elements, Braille inscriptions);
- The participants examined the surface roughness of the individual copy elements, as seen in Figure 12;
- The participants were asked to comment on the size of the tested object (this only concerned the jug).
5. Research Results and Discussion
- Recognising the decorative element on the handle of the cup (ram’s head) was too difficult. The blind person stated that even the enlargement of the cup together with this element would not contribute to its recognition, as they had never touched the head of a real ram;
- The blind person finding texts with inscriptions in Braille was a pleasant surprise, it had not been expected;
- Not all texts were immediately readable, as there were cases where the distances between individual letters were incorrect, i.e., too small. This concerned the distance between the letters “s” and “m” in the word “Samarkand”. The respondent stated that the intervals should be larger. In another case, a printing defect appeared, which made it difficult to recognise the letters “c” and “e” in the word “ceramics”. A similar situation was encountered with the inscription “museum”—there was a little difficulty when reading this word. There was no problem with reading the word “Afrasiab” (on the same line and scale) even though it was a proper name and the respondent did not understand the word. The word “Uzbekistan” was clearly legible;
- The respondents positively assessed the PLA material used for 3D printing, unequivocally stating that the material was pleasant to the touch and the analysed exhibits were light and could be freely manipulated.
6. Summary and Conclusions
- The methodology of the solutions proposed in this article, leading to the creation of a copy of a museum exhibit with a description in Braille integrated onto its surface, turned out to be effective.
- The selection of digitisation, modelling and 3D printing technology, along with the software used for scanning, modelling, post-processing and preparation of the layered model for replication turned out to be appropriate and made it possible to effectively solve all emerging problems.
- Incorporating descriptions of objects onto their surfaces using the Braille alphabet will contribute to multifunctional recognition—integration of knowing the shape of the exhibit through recognition by touch and the content written on its surface.
- The procedure of preparing descriptions in Braille on separate plates makes it possible to pre-print them and verify both their correctness and legibility by a blind person. This solution will save time and costs when reprinting the entire 3D model if the descriptions are found to be defective.
- The use of 3D printing technology in the fused filament fabrication version allowed for the production of light 3D models to be recognised by touch, which the respondents could freely manipulate. The results of the pilot studies carried out on a group of people with simulated visual impairment and on a person who is blind from birth indicate that these models are useful for sharing cultural heritage objects.
- Printed museum models in the form of 3D replicas of these objects will allow them to be used in many ways. They can be exhibited in museums, printed at home, used for the training of conservators as well as used as archives.
7. Further Works
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Artec Eva | Artec Spider |
---|---|---|
Texture capture capability | Yes | Yes |
Scanning technology | Structured white light | Flashing light bulb, blue light (no laser) |
3D resolution, max. | 0.5 mm | 0.1 mm |
3D point accuracy, up to | 0.1 mm | 0.05 mm |
Linear field of view Height × Width | 214 × 148 mm Up to 536 × 371 mm | 90 × 70 mm up 180 × 140 mm |
Scanner distance from object | 0.4–1 m | 0.17–0.35 m |
Video frames, up to | 16 fps | 7.5 fps |
Record output formats | OBJ, PLY, WRL, STL, AOP, ASCII, PTX, E57, XYZRGB | OBJ, PLY, WRL, STL, AOP, ASCII, PTX, E57, XYZRGB |
Weight | 0.85 kg | 0.85 kg |
Interface | 1 × USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 | 1 × USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 |
Supported Windows systems | Windows 7, 8, 10—x64 | Windows 7, 8, 10—x64 |
Minimum computer requirements | I5 (recommended I7), 8–12 GB RAM, NVIDIA GeForce 2GB | I5 (recommended I7), 8–12 GB RAM, NVIDIA GeForce 2GB |
Print Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Wall thickness | 0.6 mm |
Wall line count | 3 uL |
Top/bottom thickness | 0.84 mm |
Printing temperature | 210 °C |
Build plate temperature | 60 °C |
Print speed | 50 mm/s |
Fan speed | 100% |
Support overhang angle | 39° |
No. | Research Element | People with Simulated Visual Impairment | A Person Who Was Blind from Birth |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Object recognition | + | + |
2. | Was the cup roughness correct? | The surface was smooth and did not raise any objections. | Identical assessment. |
3. | Were the details of the details of the cup recognisable? | Subjects felt a decorative feature on the top of the handle, but it was not recognised. | Identical assessment. |
4. | Was the smoothness/roughness of the jug appropriate? |
|
|
5. | Details detected in the jug model. |
|
|
6. | Was the text in Braille legible? | Not applicable. People did not know this alphabet. |
|
7. | Did the effect of the size of the object matter (for the jug)? | The size of the jug did not matter when recognised by touch. | Identical assessment. |
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Montusiewicz, J.; Barszcz, M.; Korga, S. Preparation of 3D Models of Cultural Heritage Objects to Be Recognised by Touch by the Blind—Case Studies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 11910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311910
Montusiewicz J, Barszcz M, Korga S. Preparation of 3D Models of Cultural Heritage Objects to Be Recognised by Touch by the Blind—Case Studies. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(23):11910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311910
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontusiewicz, Jerzy, Marcin Barszcz, and Sylwester Korga. 2022. "Preparation of 3D Models of Cultural Heritage Objects to Be Recognised by Touch by the Blind—Case Studies" Applied Sciences 12, no. 23: 11910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311910