Quantitative Assessment Methods of Early Enamel Caries with Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Optical Properties of Teeth
- (1)
- Refractive Index
- (2)
- Scattering Properties
- (3)
- Absorption Properties
3. Preparation of Artificial Carious Lesions
4. Quantitative Assessment Methods of Early Enamel Caries with OCT
4.1. Quantitative Assessment Based on Lesion Depths
4.2. Quantitative Assessment Based on Reflectivity
4.3. Quantitative Assessment Based on Attenuation Coefficient
4.4. Quantitative Assessment Based on Degree of Polarization
4.5. Quantitative Assessment Based on Refractive Index
4.6. Quantitative Assessment Based on Scattering Coefficient
4.7. Quantitative Assessment Based on the Surface Roughness of Enamel
4.8. Quantitative Assessment Based on the Volume of Residual Enamel
4.9. Quantitative Assessment Based on the Dehydration Parameter
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|
Le et al. [49] | . | Sample number: 10 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | |
Solution: pH 4.8 demineralization solution | |||
Method: 5 windows for each block, demineralization for 0–4 days, respectively. | |||
Jones et al. [50] | . | Sample number: 15 human posterior teeth for in vitro detection | |
Solution: pH 4.3 demineralization solution and pH 7.0 remineralization solution | |||
Method: occlusal areas were exposed to 14-day pH cycling, which consisted of 6 h demineralization and 17 h remineralization a day. | |||
Meng et al. [51] | . | Sample number: 6 human isolated teeth for in vitro detection | is demineralization time. |
Method: demineralization for 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. | |||
Yao et al. [52] | . | Sample number: 7 human permanent teeth for in vitro detection | is demineralization time. |
Solution: PH 4.5 demineralization solution | |||
Method: demineralization for 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h. | |||
Park et al. [53] | , imaging speed 16 kHz. | 13 human molars, 25 human incisors, 11 premolars and 15 molars for ex vivo detection, 18 patients for in vivo detection. | Vary considerably within each ICDAS category using OCT. |
, imaging speed 48–91 kHz, handheld scanning probe (Non-intraoral probe). | |||
Yavuz et al. [54] | . | Sample number: 40 human enamel blocks | Reduction in lesion depth after remineralization for three remineralization agents: |
Solution: PH 4.8 demineralization solution and PH 7.0 remineralization solution | |||
Method: 3 windows for each block, with one window demineralized for 3 days and one window remineralized for 6 days by PH cycling. | |||
Can et al. [55] | . | Sample number: 15 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | |
Solution: pH 4.9 demineralization solution | |||
Method: 3 windows for each block, demineralization for 9 days | |||
Jones et al. [57] | . | Sample number: 20 human posterior teeth for in vitro detection | . |
Solution: pH 4.9 demineralization solution and pH 7.0 remineralization solution | |||
Method: demineralization for 9 days and remineralization for 20 days. |
Reference | OCT System | Sample Preparation | |
---|---|---|---|
Le et al. [49] | 1310-nm PS-OCT, axial/lateral. | Sample number: 10 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | for the fixed depth algorithm: 100–770 for the edge detection algorithm: 20–500 |
Solution: pH 4.8 demineralization solution | |||
Method: 5 windows for each block, demineralization for 0–4 days, respectively. | |||
Jones et al. [50] | . | Sample number: 15 human posterior teeth for in vitro detection | : 450 ± 110 |
Solution: pH 4.3 demineralization solution and pH 7.0 remineralization solution | |||
Method: occlusal areas were exposed to 14-day PH cycling, which consisted of 6 h demineralization and 17 h remineralization a day. | |||
Nee et al. [59] | , body/imaging tip of the handpiece 7 × 18 cm/1.5 × 4 cm, 6 × 6 × 7 mm volume imaging time 3 s. | Sample number: Two teeth in 20 patients for in vivo detection | : 10.2 (10.5)–29.7 (9.4) |
Solution: two types of adhesives | |||
Method: The adhesives were used to bond the brackets. Demineralization around orthodontic brackets was detected every 3 months for one year. | |||
Kang et al. [60] | . | Sample number: 10 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | for 8 days demineralization: 257 ± 60.2 for 4, 8, 12 days remineralization: 236 ± 73.8, 206 ± 96.0, 168 ± 58.5 |
Solution: pH 4.6 demineralization solution and pH 4.8 remineralization solution | |||
Method: 6 windows for each block, demineralization for 8 days and remineralization for three 4-day periods | |||
Amaechi et al. [61] | 850-nm TD-OCT. | Sample number: 15 bovine teeth for in vitro detection | for 1 to 3 days: 54.0 ± 11.27, 71.87 ± 4.79, 86.64 ± 7.57 |
Solution: pH 4.5 demineralization solution | |||
Method: demineralization for 3 days | |||
Amaechi et al. [63] | . | Sample number: 15 bovine incisor teeth for in vitro detection | Reflectivity of demineralization for 0, 24, 48, 72 h: 31.86 ± 9.30, 14.45 ± 5.47, 8.66 ± 1.96, 4.32 ± 2.72 |
Solution: pH 4.5 demineralization solution | |||
Method: 3 windows for each teeth. Demineralization for 24, 48, 72 h, respectively. |
Reference | OCT System | Sample Preparation | Attenuation Coefficient Result |
---|---|---|---|
Mandurah et al. [66] | , sweep rate 20 kHz. | Sample number: 24 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | (mean). |
Solution: pH 4.6 demineralization solution and two types of remineralization solution | |||
Method: 3 windows for each block, demineralization for 14 days and remineralization for 14 days. | |||
Maia et al. [68] | . | Sample number: 5 human premolar teeth for in vitro detection | Attenuation coefficient increase: 27.8–62.5% |
Solution: pH 5.0 demineralization solution | |||
Method: demineralization for 9 days. | |||
Cara et al. [69] | . | Sample number: 40 third molars for in vitro detection | 0.93 sensitivity, 0.96 specificity |
Solution: pH 4.3 demineralization solution and pH 7.4 remineralization solution | |||
Method: four groups performed 0–21 days pH cycling, consisting of 3 h demineralization and 20 h remineralization a day. | |||
Popescu et al. [70] | . | 21 human molars and premolars for in vitro detection |
Reference | OCT System | Sample Preparation | DOPU Result |
---|---|---|---|
Golde et al. [74] | , sweep rate 50 kHz. | 3 human molar teeth with different proximal lesions | The significant DOPU contrast provided better identification of lesions in comparison with the reflectivity images. |
Tetschke et al. [77] | , sweep rate 50 kHz. | Sample number: 18 bovine enamel blocks for in vitro detection | 0.6–0.97 |
Solution: pH 4.95 demineralization solution | |||
Method: demineralization for 49 days. |
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Shi, B.; Niu, J.; Zhou, X.; Dong, X. Quantitative Assessment Methods of Early Enamel Caries with Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 8780. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178780
Shi B, Niu J, Zhou X, Dong X. Quantitative Assessment Methods of Early Enamel Caries with Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(17):8780. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178780
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Boya, Jiaxin Niu, Xinyue Zhou, and Xiaoyang Dong. 2022. "Quantitative Assessment Methods of Early Enamel Caries with Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review" Applied Sciences 12, no. 17: 8780. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178780