Prostaglandin D2 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the Modulation of Inflammation and Macrophage Polarization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. In Vitro Study
2.2.1. Cell Culture
2.2.2. Cell Viability Analysis
2.2.3. Nitric Oxide Measurement
2.2.4. Proinflammatory Cytokine Determination
2.3. In Vivo Study
2.3.1. Animal Model
2.3.2. Grouping of Animals According to the Treatment Plan
2.3.3. Harvesting the BALF
2.3.4. Determination of Lung Wet/Dry Weight Ratio
2.3.5. Determination of Inflammatory Markers
2.3.6. Histopathological Analysis
2.3.7. Immunohistochemical Study
2.3.8. Apoptosis Analysis by TUNEL Assay
2.3.9. Apoptosis Analysis by Flow Cytometry
2.3.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Viability Check of RAW264.7 Macrophages by PGD2 and LPS Treatment
3.2. Effects of LPS and PGD2 Treatment on NO and Proinflammatory Cytokines
3.3. Effect of PGD2 on Weight (Wet/Dry) Ratio of Lungs
3.4. Effect of PGD2 on Inflammatory Markers
3.5. Effect of PGD2 on Inflammatory Cells Influx in BALF
3.6. The Role of PGD2 on the Maintenance of Lung Tissue Architecture
3.7. The Role of PGD2 on the Expression of iNOS
3.8. The Role of PGD2 on LPS-Treated Apoptotic Cell Death of Lung Tissue
3.9. The Role of PGD2 Treatment on Apoptosis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group Number | Group Description | Short Name | Treatment Plan |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Normal control | NC | The mice were treated with 50 μL of PBS i.p. as a vehicle |
2 | Disease control | LPS | LPS (5 mg/kg b.w. + vehicle) through i.p. injection [18] |
3 | Disease control + treatment | LPS + PGD2 | PGD2 (100 μg/kg b.w.) given 30 min before the LPS challenge (5 mg/kg b.w. + vehicle) [19] |
4 | Treatment only | PGD2 | Treatment with PGD2 (100 μg/kg b.w.) only |
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Almatroudi, A.; Alsahli, M.A.; Syed, M.A.; Khan, A.A.; Rahmani, A.H. Prostaglandin D2 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the Modulation of Inflammation and Macrophage Polarization. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126076
Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Syed MA, Khan AA, Rahmani AH. Prostaglandin D2 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the Modulation of Inflammation and Macrophage Polarization. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126076
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmatroudi, Ahmad, Mohammed A. Alsahli, Mansoor Ali Syed, Amjad Ali Khan, and Arshad Husain Rahmani. 2022. "Prostaglandin D2 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the Modulation of Inflammation and Macrophage Polarization" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126076