Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in Patients with Migraine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control (n = 30) | Migraine without Aura (n = 30) | Migraine with Aura (n = 30) | Chronic Migraine (n = 30) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years: mean (SD) | 31.30 (9.27) | 32.46 (8.66) | 32.16 (8.33) | 34.56 (10.00) | 0.556 |
Migraine onset, years: median (Q3–Q1) | - | 16.50 (12.25) | 15.50 (11.25) | 15.00 (16.25) | 0.670 |
Migraine frequency, monthly: median (Q3–Q1) | - | 7.00 (6.00) a | 8.00 (5.00) a | 20.00 (10.00) | <0.001 |
Migraine intensity, NPRS: median (Q3–Q1) | - | 8.00 (1.00) | 8.00 (2.00) | 8.00 (3.00) | 0.168 |
Use of prophylactic medication: n (%) | - | 9 (30) | 12 (40) | 17 (56.7) | 0.107 |
Control (n = 30) | Migraine without Aura (n = 30) | Migraine with Aura (n = 30) | Chronic Migraine (n = 30) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Photophobia | |||||
Driving *,a | 57.7 (15) | 65.4 (17) | 76.9 (20) | 92.3 (24) | 0.031 |
Looking at a bright screen a | 36.7 (11) | 76.7 (23) | 76.7 (23) | 53.3 (16) | 0.002 |
Social activities a | 16.7 (5) | 60.0 (18) | 63.3 (19) | 40.0 (12) | 0.001 |
Walking during a sunny day | 50.0 (15) | 73.3 (22) | 76.7 (23) | 60.0 (18) | 0.136 |
Phonophobia | |||||
Social situations a | 33.3 (10) | 83.3 (25) | 86.7 (26) | 63.3 (19) | <0.001 |
Hearing sounds in everyday situations a | 43.3 (13) | 70.0 (21) | 80.0 (24) | 60.0 (18) | 0.027 |
Listening to conversations in noisy places | 83.3 (25) | 90.0 (27) | 93.3 (28) | 90.0 (27) | 0.735 |
Concentrating in noisy surroundings | 86.7 (26) | 93.3 (28) | 96.7 (29) | 86.7 (26) | 0.542 |
Control | Migraine without Aura | Migraine with Aura | Chronic Migraine | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Photophobia | |||||
Driving | 3.4 (2.0 to 4.7) | 5.5 (4.5 to 6.6) a | 5.5 (4.1 to 6.8) a | 5.4 (4.5 to 6.4) a | 0.040 |
Looking at a bright screen | 3.1 (2.2 to 4.0) | 5.2 (4.1 to 6.2) | 4.6 (3.6 to 5.7) | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.1) | 0.072 |
Social activities | 2.4 (1.3 to 5.1) | 4.6 (3.0 to 6.2) | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.3) | 4.6 (3.5 to 5.7) | 0.219 |
Walking during a sunny day | 3.2 (2.2 to 4.3) | 4.4 (3.4 to 5.5) | 5.2 (4.3 to 6.2) | 4.8 (3.8 to 5.9) | 0.058 |
Phonophobia | |||||
Social situations | 3.2 (1.6 to 4.9) | 4.1 (2.9 to 5.3) a | 5.5 (4.6 to 6.4) a | 6.0 (5.0 to 6.9) a,b | 0.004 |
Hearing sounds in everyday situations | 3.1 (2.2 to 3.9) | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 5.7 (4.7 to 6.7) a,b | 5.2 (4.3 to 6.1) a | 0.001 |
Listening to conversations in noisy places | 3.9 (2.9 to 4.9) | 5.1 (4.2 to 6.1) | 6.3 (5.3 to 7.3) a | 6.9 (5.9 to 7.9) a,b | 0.001 |
Concentrating in noisy surroundings | 5.3 (4.3 to 6.4) | 6.4 (5.4 to 7.4) | 7.7 (6.7 to 8.7) a | 6.6 (5.6 to 7.7) | 0.015 |
Photophobia Intensity (0–40) | Phonophobia Intensity (0–40) | |
---|---|---|
Intensity of migraine attacks (0–10) | 0.24 (0.05 to 0.41) a | 0.32 (0.14 to 0.47) b |
Frequency of migraine attacks (days/month) | 0.32 (−0.13 to 0.48) b | 0.33 (0.16 to 0.47) b |
Frequency of aura (days/month) | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.46) a | 0.25 (0.08 to 0.41) a |
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Pinheiro, C.F.; Moreira, J.R.; Carvalho, G.F.; Zorzin, L.; Dach, F.; Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in Patients with Migraine. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062474
Pinheiro CF, Moreira JR, Carvalho GF, Zorzin L, Dach F, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in Patients with Migraine. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(6):2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062474
Chicago/Turabian StylePinheiro, Carina F., Jessica R. Moreira, Gabriela F. Carvalho, Leticia Zorzin, Fabiola Dach, and Debora Bevilaqua-Grossi. 2021. "Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in Patients with Migraine" Applied Sciences 11, no. 6: 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062474