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Volume 11
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10.3390/app11052407
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Article

Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects with Asymptomatic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

by
Giacomo Giacalone
1,*,
Marta Zanoletti
2,
Rebecca Re
2,3,
Davide Contini
2,
Lorenzo Spinelli
3,
Alessandro Torricelli
2,3 and
Luisa Roveri
1
1
Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
3
Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052407
Submission received: 11 January 2021 / Revised: 3 March 2021 / Accepted: 5 March 2021 / Published: 9 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Medical Diagnosis)
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Abstract

Biomarkers of microcirculation dysfunction may help in the study of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Time-Domain Near-Infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS), estimating the oxygenation of microcirculation of cerebral outer layers, might indirectly correlate with CSVD. We retrospectively evaluated TD-NIRS data from healthy subjects with age ≥ 55 years; no history of brain disease; normal neurological examination; absence of stenosis > 50% of extra/intra-cranial arteries; incidental finding of asymptomatic CSVD at brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). According to Fazekas scale, subjects were classified by presence of white matter hyperintensities in periventricular region (pvWMHs), deep white matter region (dWMHs), or both (d+pvWMHs). We compared the concentration of hemoglobin species and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) among these groups. The study included 20 subjects, median age 67.5 (IQR 61–78) years old (6 without WMHs, 5 with pvWMHs, 9 with d+pvWMHs). Subjects with d+pvWMHs had significantly lower StO2 compared to subjects without WMHs (p = 0.022) or with pvWMHs (p = 0.004). StO2 < 56.7% indicated the presence of d+pvWMHs with 91% sensitivity and 67% specificity [AUC 91% (CI 95% 78–100%)]. In this preliminary study, cerebral TD-NIRS detected significantly lower StO2 in subjects with radiological signs of asymptomatic CSVD. Further studies are needed to evaluate if StO2 might represent a marker of asymptomatic CSVD.
Keywords: microcirculation dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease; asymptomatic cerebral small vessel disease; NIRS in cerebrovascular diseases; oxygen saturation in cerebral small vessel disease; novel applications of time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy; TD-NIRS; time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy; neuroimaging of leukoarayiosis; Fazekas scale and white matter hyperintensites; NIRS in healthy subjects microcirculation dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease; asymptomatic cerebral small vessel disease; NIRS in cerebrovascular diseases; oxygen saturation in cerebral small vessel disease; novel applications of time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy; TD-NIRS; time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy; neuroimaging of leukoarayiosis; Fazekas scale and white matter hyperintensites; NIRS in healthy subjects

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MDPI and ACS Style

Giacalone, G.; Zanoletti, M.; Re, R.; Contini, D.; Spinelli, L.; Torricelli, A.; Roveri, L. Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects with Asymptomatic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052407

AMA Style

Giacalone G, Zanoletti M, Re R, Contini D, Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Roveri L. Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects with Asymptomatic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(5):2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052407

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giacalone, Giacomo, Marta Zanoletti, Rebecca Re, Davide Contini, Lorenzo Spinelli, Alessandro Torricelli, and Luisa Roveri. 2021. "Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects with Asymptomatic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease" Applied Sciences 11, no. 5: 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052407

APA Style

Giacalone, G., Zanoletti, M., Re, R., Contini, D., Spinelli, L., Torricelli, A., & Roveri, L. (2021). Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects with Asymptomatic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Applied Sciences, 11(5), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052407

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