Study on the Increase of the Supporting Capacity of a Cement Milk Pile with Expansive Additives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Outline
2.2. Experiment Method
2.2.1. Segregation Resistance
2.2.2. Compressive Strength
2.2.3. Frictional Resistance
2.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope Image and Porosity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Segregation Resistance
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. Frictional Resistance
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope Image and Porosity
3.5. Economic Feasibility
4. Conclusions
- Measuring segregation resistance showed an insignificant difference in settlement amounts due to expansive additive mixing when a 15% concentration was used. The change in the surplus water was also insignificant, showing no specific material separation tendency.
- Compressive strength increased with age but decreased after expansive additive mixing in all specimens, except those with W/B of 70% and 5% expansive additive. However, usability was not an issue as all test specimens exceeded the standard strength of 0.5 N/mm2 for filling material. It is also expected that the strength will increase under constraint conditions created in actual construction conditions.
- Frictional resistance increased as up to a 10% expansive additive was mixed in but decreased at 15%. Specimens containing 10% expansive additive showed stable ductile behavior during settling and a tendency to plastically deform.
- SEM image and porosity analysis revealed that as the age increased, monosulfate and C–S–H gels were densely composed, porosity decreased, and the specific surface area of pores increased, resulting in large numbers of small-scale pores. This trend increased with the mixing of an expansive additive, showing a denser microstructure.
- Regarding economic feasibility, the number of required piles was reduced as the expansive additive was mixed into W/B of 83% specimens at ratios up to 10% when the greatest frictional resistance increase was achieved. Specifically, a 10% expansive additive ratio reduced the number of required piles by up to 34.84%, providing the greatest economic feasibility by reducing the total construction cost by as much as 33.24%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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W/B (%) | Ex (B × wt%) | Unit Weight (g/ℓ) | Evaluation Items | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binder | Water | ||||
C 1 | Ex 1 | ||||
70 | 0 | 980 | 0 | 690 | - Segregation resistance - Compressive strength - Frictional resistance stress - SEM 1 and porosity - Economic evaluation |
5 | 931 | 49 | |||
10 | 882 | 98 | |||
15 | 833 | 147 | |||
83 | 0 | 880 | 0 | 730 | |
5 | 836 | 44 | |||
10 | 792 | 88 | |||
15 | 748 | 132 |
Type | |
---|---|
Cement | Ordinary Portland cement (KS L 5201) |
Density: 3.12 g/cm3 | |
Expansive additive | CSA expansive additive (Type of calcium sulfoaluminate) |
Density: 3.15 g/cm3 | |
Water | Water supply |
Type | 0 h | Time 3 h | 24 h | 672 h (28 days) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W/B (83%) EXP (0%) | | | | |
Settlement (mL) | 0 | 135 | 135 | 135 |
W/B (83%) EXP (15%) | | | | |
Settlement (mL) | 0 | 80 | 150 | 150 |
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Choi, H.; Lee, T.; Choi, H.; Lee, K.; Lee, D.-E. Study on the Increase of the Supporting Capacity of a Cement Milk Pile with Expansive Additives. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9922. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219922
Choi H, Lee T, Choi H, Lee K, Lee D-E. Study on the Increase of the Supporting Capacity of a Cement Milk Pile with Expansive Additives. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(21):9922. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219922
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Hyeonggil, Taegyu Lee, Heesup Choi, Kangsoo Lee, and Dong-Eun Lee. 2021. "Study on the Increase of the Supporting Capacity of a Cement Milk Pile with Expansive Additives" Applied Sciences 11, no. 21: 9922. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219922
APA StyleChoi, H., Lee, T., Choi, H., Lee, K., & Lee, D.-E. (2021). Study on the Increase of the Supporting Capacity of a Cement Milk Pile with Expansive Additives. Applied Sciences, 11(21), 9922. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219922