Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cost Optimisation Methodology
- Setting representative buildings.
- Identification of energy efficiency measures, as well as improvement measures based on renewable energy sources and/or sets of variants of both types of measures applicable to each reference building.
- Calculation of primary energy demand, resulting from implementing the measures and sets of measures defined for reference buildings.
- Calculation of global cost as annual net value for each reference building.
2.1.1. Buildings under Study
2.1.2. Energy Efficiency Measures and Sets of Measures
2.1.3. Calculation of Global Costs of Sets of Measures
2.2. Implementing Legislation
3. Discussion on Results
3.1. Results on Global Costs of Measures and Primary Energy Consumption
3.2. Regulatory Requirements and Compliance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thermal Envelope Element | Type A | Type B | Type C |
---|---|---|---|
Construction date | 1947 | 1957 | 1975 |
Constructed area | 1634.77 m2 | 1002.70 m2 | 2595 m2 |
Living area | 785.89 m2 | 525.42 m2 | 1993.27 m2 |
Number of floors | 2 | 3/4 | 2 |
Climate zone | B3/IV | B3/IV | B3/IV |
Use | 8 h | 8 h | 8 h |
Roofs | Curved ceramic roof tiles over ceramic brick board, wooden structure, highly ventilated air chamber, false ceiling made of cane, plaster. | Ceramic tiles, mortar, ceramic brick boards, waterproof protection, horizontal air chamber, reinforced with concrete slab floor, plaster. | Ceramic tiles, mortar, waterproof protection, reinforced with concrete slab floor, plaster. |
Facades | Rendering mortar, brick wall (thickness: 40 cm/50 cm), plaster. | Rendering mortar, double perforated brick wall with a vertical air chamber (11 + 5 + 4 cm), plaster. | Double perforated brick wall with a vertical air chamber (11 + 7 + 7 cm), plaster. |
Windows and doors | Wooden windows and metal single-glazed doors | Wooden windows and metal single-glazed doors | Metal single-glazed windows and doors. Rolling shutter |
Heating System | Electric radiator/s in each room | Electric radiator/s in each room | Central heating through diesel oil boiler with multiple water circulation pumps and iron radiator/s in each room |
Hot Water System | Electric hot water boiler for kitchen and pre-school toilets | Electric hot water boiler for kitchen and pre-school toilets | Electric hot water boiler for kitchen and pre-school toilets |
Thermal Envelope Element | Type A | Type B | Type C |
---|---|---|---|
Facades | 1.1/0.92 | 2.94/1.33 | 1.41/1.29 |
Roofs | 4.17 | 2.33/1.79 | 1.79 |
Windows (single glazed/structure) | 5.7/2.2 | 5.7/2.2 | 5.7/5.7 |
Thermal Envelope Element | L1 1 | L2 2 | L3 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Facades | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.38 |
Roofs | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.33 |
Windows | 3.3 | 2.3 | 2 |
Thermal Envelope Element | L1 | L2 | L3 |
---|---|---|---|
Windows (W) | L1 W | L2 W | L3 W |
Facades (F) | L1 F | L2 F | L3 F |
Roofs (R) | L1 R | L2 R | L3 R |
Windows + Facades (WF) | L1 WF | L2 WF | L3 WF |
Windows + Roofs (WR) | L1 WR | L2 WR | L3 WR |
Facades + Roofs (FR) | L1 FR | L2 FR | L3 FR |
Windows + Facades + Roofs (WFR) | L1 WFR | L2 WFR | L3 WFR |
Type of School Building | L0 | Elements Improved | L1 | L2 | L3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type A | €1069.29 | R | €840 | €842 | €836 |
FR | €818 | €815 | €802 | ||
WR | €901 | €904 | €894 | ||
WFR | €875 | €868 | €848 | ||
Type B | €1008.40 | F | €871 | €858 | €849 |
FR | €879 | €866 | €859 | ||
WF | €1047 | €1012 | €990 | ||
WFR | €1047 | €1012 | €986 | ||
Type C | €637.46 | F | €559 | €533 | €547 |
FR | €578 | €570 | €568 | ||
WF | €646 | €622 | €611 | ||
WFR | €661 | €639 | €631 |
Type of School Building | Elements Improved | L1 | L2 | L3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type A | R | 10,766.4 | 10,766.4 | 11,080.8 |
FR | 12,338.2 | 12,573.9 | 13,281.2 | |
WR | 13,517.0 | 13,595.6 | 14,145.7 | |
WFR | 15,245.9 | 15,796.0 | 16,739.0 | |
Type B | F | 4413.5 | 4781.3 | 5149.1 |
FR | 4623.7 | 4938.9 | 5306.7 | |
WF | 6410.1 | 7513.5 | 8249.1 | |
WFR | 6830.5 | 7933.8 | 8827.1 | |
Type C | F | 17,740.1 | 19,135.4 | 20,132.0 |
FR | 19,534.0 | 20,730.0 | 21,726.6 | |
WF | 28,503.8 | 32,291.0 | 34,483.6 | |
WFR | 31,095.0 | 34,682.9 | 36,875.5 |
Type of School Building | Elements Improved | L1 | L2 | L3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type A | R | €6868.81 | €6868.81 | €7078.37 |
FR | €7858.39 | €7991.44 | €8458.78 | |
WR | €8630.09 | €8693.29 | €9022.59 | |
WFR | €9732.76 | €10,057.07 | €10,684.08 | |
Type B | F | €2799.90 | €3032.30 | €3284.72 |
FR | €2936.67 | €3153.51 | €3399.25 | |
WF | €4080.88 | €4784.74 | €5266.22 | |
WFR | €4343.30 | €5053.84 | €5624.27 | |
Type C | F | €8297.11 | €8954.29 | €9410.83 |
FR | €9133.15 | €9741.87 | €10,192.79 | |
WF | €13,510.74 | €15,446.24 | €16,439.34 | |
WFR | €14,599.98 | €16,362.83 | €17,343.28 |
% Reduction in Energy Consumption | Amortisation of Investment (Years) | ||||||
Type of School Building | Elements Improved | L1 | L2 | L3 | L1 | L2 | L3 |
Type A | R | 24.5% | 24.5% | 25.3% | 4 | 5 | 5 |
FR | 28.1% | 28.5% | 30.2% | 5 | 6 | 6 | |
WR | 30.8% | 31.0% | 32.2% | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
WFR | 34.8% | 35.9% | 38.1% | 14 | 14 | 14 | |
Type B | F | 15.8% | 17.1% | 18.6% | 5 | 4 | 5 |
FR | 16.6% | 17.8% | 19.2% | 7 | 7 | 7 | |
WF | 23.1% | 27.1% | 29.8% | >30 | >30 | 29 | |
WFR | 24.6% | 28.6% | 31.8% | >30 | >30 | 29 | |
Type C | F | 18.6% | 20.1% | 21.1% | 13 | 12 | 13 |
FR | 20.5% | 21.9% | 22.9% | 19 | 19 | 19 | |
WF | 30.5% | 35.1% | 27.3% | >30 | 29 | 28 | |
WFR | 32.8% | 36.8% | 38.9% | >30 | >30 | 30 |
K (W/m²K) | |||||
Type of School Building | Klim | Elements Improved | L1 | L2 | L3 |
Type A | 0.9 | R | 2.83 | 2.83 | 2.83 |
FR | 2.25 | 2.07 | 1.91 | ||
WR | 2.44 | 2.19 | 2.13 | ||
WFR | 1.86 | 1.43 | 1.21 | ||
Type B | 0.85 | F | 2.27 | 2.18 | 2.09 |
FR | 1.94 | 1.84 | 1.73 | ||
WF | 1.90 | 1.62 | 1.46 | ||
WFR | 1.57 | 1.29 | 1.11 | ||
Type C | 0.86 | F | 2.31 | 2.21 | 2.14 |
FR | 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.42 | ||
WF | 1.82 | 1.54 | 1.50 | ||
WFR | 1.23 | 0.95 | 0.78 |
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Liébana-Durán, M.E.; Serrano-Lanzarote, B.; Ortega-Madrigal, L. Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115108
Liébana-Durán ME, Serrano-Lanzarote B, Ortega-Madrigal L. Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115108
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiébana-Durán, María Esther, Begoña Serrano-Lanzarote, and Leticia Ortega-Madrigal. 2021. "Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115108