Neural Network-Based Prediction: The Case of Reinforced Concrete Members under Simple and Complex Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Function of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
2.1. Pre Processing Phase
2.2. The Features of ANN Model
- The database is divided by the random method into three sub-sets: 70% for the training purpose, 15% for validation purpose and the remaining 15% for the testing purposes.
- Each ANN models is calibrated for 1000 epochs/cycles.
- The training is stopped if any one of the following conditions is achieved: (a) a maximum of 100 validation failures occur, and (b) the minimum performance learning slope becomes 10−8.
3. Database-I: BWOS and BWS
3.1. ANN Models for DB-I
3.2. Comparative Studies for DB-I
4. Database-II: CWA
4.1. ANN Models for DB-II
4.2. Comparative Studies for DB-II
5. Database-III: TBWOS and TBWS
5.1. Development of ANN Models for DB-III
5.2. Comparative Studies for DB-III
6. Database-IV: SCS
6.1. Development of ANN Models for DB-IV
6.2. Comparative Studies for DB-IV
7. Conclusions
Future Directions of the Current Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beams without Stirrups (BWOS) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | d | av/d | ρl | fyl | fc | Mf | Vu | |||
Unit | Mm | Mm | (%) | MPa | MPa | kN-mm | kN | |||
Min | 52 | 70 | 0.329 | 0.25 | 122 | 13 | 2000 | 7.25 | ||
Max | 500 | 556 | 9.76 | 7.46 | 555 | 112 | 844,000 | 585 | ||
Avg. | 170 | 264 | 3.75 | 2.21 | 390 | 38 | 104,147 | 72 | ||
St. Dev | 68 | 85 | 1.55 | 1.1 | 87.26 | 21 | 120,894 | 56 | ||
COV | 0.4 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.57 | 1.2 | 0.82 | ||
Beams with Stirrups (BWS) | ||||||||||
b | d | av/d | ρl | fyl | fc | ρw | fyw | Mf | Vu | |
Unit | mm | mm | (%) | MPa | MPa | (%) | MPa | kN-mm | kN | |
Min | 100 | 113 | 1 | 0.18 | 250 | 13.8 | 0.08 | 224 | 2648 | 4.097 |
Max | 510 | 975 | 7.25 | 5.6 | 890 | 126 | 2.25 | 875 | 1,738,423 | 760.194 |
Avg. | 208 | 343 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 415 | 45 | 0.6 | 400 | 283,485 | 185.54 |
St. Dev | 68 | 158 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 78 | 25 | 0.5 | 115 | 378,729 | 134.25 |
COV | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.4 | 0.46 | 0.2 | 0.55 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.35 | 0.75 |
Vu | |
---|---|
BWOS | |
EXP | b, d, ρl, fyl, fc, av/d, |
BWOS-1 | b, d, ρl, fyl, fc, av/d |
BWOS-2 | b, d, Mf, fc, av/d |
BWOS-3 | b/d, Mf/fcbd2, av/d |
BWOS-4 | d, Mf/bd2, fc, av/d |
BWOS-5 | d, b/d, Mf/fcbd2, av/d |
BWOS-6 | d, b/d, Mf/fcbd2 fc, av/d |
BWS | |
EXP | b, d, ρl, fyl, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-1 | b, d, ρl, fyl, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-2 | b, d, Mf, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-3 | b/d, Mf/fcbd2, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-4 | b/d, ρw/ρl, fc/fyw, av/d |
BWS-5 | d, Mf/bd2, fc, ρwfyw, av/d |
BWS-6 | d, b/d, Mf/fcbd2, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-7 | d, b/d, Mf/fcbd2, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d |
BWS-8 | d, b/d, Mf/fcbd2, fc, ρwfyw, av/d |
b | d | av/d | ρl | fyl | fc | ρw | fyw | N | Mf | Vu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (%) | (MPa) | (MPa) | (%) | (MPa) | (kN) | kN-mm | (kN) | ||
Min | 150 | 110.5 | 2.647 | 0.87 | 313 | 17.9 | 0.1 | 255 | 111 | 15 | 33 |
Max | 550 | 470 | 8.73362 | 6.16 | 559.5 | 118 | 2.8 | 1424 | 5373 | 1590 | 812 |
Avg. | 323.03 | 241.22 | 5.1 | 3.19 | 463.16 | 49.09 | 0.82 | 497.46 | 1445.62 | 366.91 | 244.04 |
St. Dev | 117.16 | 77.37 | 1.57 | 1.15 | 50.13 | 28.23 | 0.58 | 246.1 | 1270.2 | 337.62 | 177.62 |
COV | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.73 |
Parameters | |
---|---|
DB-II | |
CWA:1 | b, d, ρl, N, fyl, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d, |
CWA:2 | b, d, Mf, N, fc, ρw, fyw, av/d, |
CWA:3 | b/d, N/bdfc, ρw, fyw, Mf/fcbd2, av/d, |
CWA:4 | b/d, N/bdfc, fc/fyw, ρw/ρl, av/d, |
CWA:5 | d, N/bdfc, ρwfyw, Mf/fcbd2, fc, av/d, |
CWA:6 | d, b/d, N/bdfc, ρw, fyw, Mf/fcbd2, av/d, |
CWA:7 | d, b/d, N/fcbd, ρw, fyw, Mf/fcbd2, fc, av/d, |
CWA:8 | d, b/d, N/fcbd, ρwfyw, Mf/fcbd2, fc, av/d |
CWA:9 | d, b/d, ρw, fyw, Mf/fcbd2, fc, av/d, |
Detail of the Database TBWOS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | St. Dev | COV | ||
fc | MPa | 18 | 47 | 31 | 7.56 | 0.23 |
bw | mm | 52 | 175 | 123 | 35.74 | 0.28 |
hf | mm | 39 | 105 | 58.78 | 19.69 | 0.35 |
bf | mm | 153 | 918 | 419 | 182 | 0.48 |
d | mm | 175 | 354 | 232 | 39 | 0.14 |
ρlfyl | MPa | 5..69 | 28.36 | 12.97 | 7.40 | 0.53 |
bw/d | Ratio | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.54 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
bf/hf | Ratio | 2.3 | 12.62 | 8.25 | 3.75 | 0.52 |
ρtfyt | MPa | 0 | 7.45 | 0.72 | 1.95 | 2.56 |
av/d | Ratio | 2.48 | 10.39 | 4.35 | 1.65 | 0.42 |
Mf | kN-mm | 26998 | 407489 | 79278 | 75478 | 0.91 |
Vu | kN | 18.8 | 81.45 | 40.43 | 15.89 | 0.35 |
Details of the Database TBWS | ||||||
Min | Max | Mean | St. Dev | COV | ||
fc | MPa | 12 | 57 | 28.85 | 8.46 | 0.29 |
bw | mm | 53 | 305 | 145 | 30.23 | 0.24 |
hf | mm | 78 | 108 | 79.4 | 6.48 | 0.07 |
bf | mm | 304 | 964 | 564 | 173.24 | 0.36 |
d | mm | 259 | 379 | 289 | 43.19 | 0.14 |
ρtfyt | MPa | 0 | 14.79 | 1.69 | 2.44 | 2.31 |
bw/d | Ratio | 0.145 | 1.45 | 0.55 | 0.13 | 0.27 |
bf/hf | Ratio | 3.36 | 12.74 | 7.19 | 2.27 | 0.33 |
ρlfyl | MPa | 5.45 | 36.75 | 18.71 | 6.54 | 0.39 |
ρwfyw | MPa | 0.378 | 4.89 | 1.59 | 1.02 | 0.78 |
av/d | Ratio | 1.54 | 7.35 | 3.86 | 1.82 | 0.22 |
Mf | kN-mm | 74358 | 407729 | 207263 | 90839 | 0.46 |
Vu | kN | 72.69 | 378.5 | 167.59 | 74.58 | 0.43 |
Details of the Database for TBWOS | |
---|---|
VEXP | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, ρlfyl, av/d, |
TBWOS:01 | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, ρlfyl, av/d, |
TBWOS:02 | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, Mf/fcbwd2, av/d, |
TBWOS:03 | bw/d, bf/hf, ρlfyl, fc/fyl, av/d, |
TBWOS:04 | bw/d, bf/hf, Mf/fcbwd2, fc/fyl, av/d, |
Details of the Database for TBWS | |
VEXP | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, ρlfyl, ρwfyw, av/d, |
TBWS:01 | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, ρlfyl, ρwfyw, av/d, |
TBWS:02 | bw, hf, bf, d, fc, Mf/fcbwd2, ρwfyw, av/d, |
TBWS:03 | bw/d, bf/hf, ρvfyv/ρlfyl, fc/fyl, av/d, |
TBWS:04 | bw/d, bf/hf, Mf/fcbwd2, ρwfyw, fc/fyl, av/d, |
c | d | αv/d | ρl | fyl | fc | Mf | Vu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (%) | (MPa) | (MPa) | kN-mm | (kN) | ||
Min | 54 | 64 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 294 | 9.52 | 39,000 | 105 |
Max | 600 | 275 | 14.02 | 6.9 | 749 | 118.7 | 1,951,000 | 2450 |
Avg. | 206.34 | 122.32 | 7.81 | 1.31 | 496.88 | 41.3 | 252,655 | 458.7 |
St. Dev | 87 | 44.82 | 2.4 | 0.89 | 117.68 | 24.85 | 292,121 | 436.88 |
COV | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 0.6 | 1.16 | 0.95 |
Model | Parameters |
---|---|
SCS:01 | c, d, ρl, fyl, fc, av/d, |
SCS:02 | c, d, Mf, fc, av/d, |
SCS:03 | c/d, Mf/fcbd2, av/d, |
SCS:04 | c/d, ρl, fc/fyl, av/d, |
SCS:05 | d, Mf/bd2, fc, av/d, |
SCS:06 | d, c/d, Mf/fcbd2, av/d, |
SCS:07 | d, c/d, Mf/fcbd2, fc, av/d, |
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Ahmad, A.; Lagaros, N.D.; Cotsovos, D.M. Neural Network-Based Prediction: The Case of Reinforced Concrete Members under Simple and Complex Loading. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4975. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114975
Ahmad A, Lagaros ND, Cotsovos DM. Neural Network-Based Prediction: The Case of Reinforced Concrete Members under Simple and Complex Loading. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4975. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114975
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad, Afaq, Nikos D. Lagaros, and Demetrios M. Cotsovos. 2021. "Neural Network-Based Prediction: The Case of Reinforced Concrete Members under Simple and Complex Loading" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4975. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114975