Effect of Muscle-Specific Fatigue on the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Females
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Equipment
2.3. Experimental Procedure
- Baseline measurement: Once the participants were ready, they performed three trials of the pre-DDM task, which involved running at a speed of 4.5 ± 0.2 m/s, 5 m behind the force platform, followed by a DDM on top of the force platform (Figure 2A). The trial was valid only when the subject’s right foot gazed at the front and landed on the force plate and with a left turn at a range of 35°–55° in the direction of travel [6,18,19,40]. The running speed was controlled using 2 timing gates (Witty Microgate, Bolzano, Italy).
- Treatment: Muscle-specific fatigue treatment was performed using an isokinetic strength measurement system (Figure 2B) performing knee flexion/extension at a fixed angular velocity. Initially, the subject’s reference value of the peak knee torque was established, taking the average peak torque value of 3 trials of knee flexion/extension at an angular velocity of 90 °/s. The reference value of the peak knee torque was determined before the pre-DDM task. The fatigue task of the QF muscle involved knee extension and flexion at a fixed angular velocity of 90 °/s and 300 °/s, respectively, whereas the angular velocity for extension (300 °/s) and flexion (90 °/s) was reversed for the fatigue task of the HA muscle [22,41]. The onset of fatigue was set when the peak torque reached 50 ± 2% three times consecutively, with a two-minute break between each trial [41,42]. Participants performed walking for 20 min at their preferred walking speed to avoid any muscle injury during the post DDM trials for the control condition.
- Post measurement: During the muscle-specific fatigue protocol, the post-DDM task was performed immediately once the knee peak torque drop was confirmed. For the control treatment condition, participants performed a post-DDM task immediately after completing the 20-min walk, using the same protocol as the pre-test DDM task. Only the first successful trial was used for further analysis considering the fatigue recovery period.
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. ACL Model
2.4.2. Calculation of Kinematic and Kinetic Variables
- Center of mass (COM): based on the location of COM of each segment expressed in meters (m); COM velocity is the first derivative of COM expressed in meters per second (m/s).
- Knee angle (kneeang (°)): refers to the flexion, valgus, and external rotation angles expressed in degrees (°).
- Knee joint force (NN/kg): anterior tibial shear force (kneeshear), normalized shear force; normalized to body mass.
- Knee torque (kneeptorque) (Nm): mean and peak knee torque for flexion and extension expressed in newtons per meter.
- Knee moment (kneemom) (Nm, Nm/(kg ∗ HT)): extension, adduction, internal rotation; All moments computed in the study are defined as internal moment and normalized with body height and mass.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pre (Nm) | Post (Nm) | Repetition (Frequency) | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
QF fatigue | 146.2 ± 23.9 | 74.9 ± 12.6 | 15.5 ± 5.3 | 51.3 ± 0.5 |
HA fatigue | 66.3 ± 14.3 | 33.6 ± 5.9 | 18.9 ± 4.0 | 50.7 ± 4.3 |
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Moon, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, K.; Koo, D.; Lee, J.; Pathak, P.; Sanchez, G.A.R.; Panday, S.B. Effect of Muscle-Specific Fatigue on the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Females. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114969
Moon J, Lee J, Kim K, Koo D, Lee J, Pathak P, Sanchez GAR, Panday SB. Effect of Muscle-Specific Fatigue on the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Females. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114969
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoon, Jeheon, Jinseok Lee, Keehyun Kim, Dohoon Koo, Jusung Lee, Prabhat Pathak, Gustavo Adrian Ruiz Sanchez, and Siddhartha Bikram Panday. 2021. "Effect of Muscle-Specific Fatigue on the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Females" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114969