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Article

Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method

by
Tsan-Yang Chen
1,†,
Chien-Chung Kuo
2,3,†,
Li-Wei Hung
1,
Wei-Chun Lee
1,4,
Jie-Hsing Lo
5,
Hsuan-Lun Lu
1 and
Tung-Wu Lu
1,6,*
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
2
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40433, Taiwan
3
Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40433, Taiwan
4
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105406, Taiwan
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
6
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4447; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104447
Submission received: 18 March 2021 / Revised: 4 May 2021 / Accepted: 11 May 2021 / Published: 13 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches and Applications in Ergonomic Design)
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Abstract

Background: Assessment of the sole morphology provides a clinically useful measure of the foot condition, but existing methods are mostly limited to two-dimensional or non-weight-bearing conditions. The current study aimed to assess the reliability of a novel method called Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method (SIBPAIR) implemented on a commercial foot assessment system, and the intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol for three-dimensional sole morphological measurements. Methods: The reliability of the SIBPAIR method, and the intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol in measuring morphological parameters of the sole were assessed by repeated measurements of fifteen young healthy adults by two male physical therapists, in terms of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results and Conclusions: The SIBPAIR method was found to have very high reliability with very small SEM values, and the SIBPAIR-based protocol also showed very high intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability with small SEM. These results indicate that accurate and reliable measurements could be obtained by following the protocol regardless of the rater’s experience or time of measurement. This will be useful for foot assessment and subsequent applications, such as design and manufacture of customized orthoses or shoes.
Keywords: repeatability; foot morphology; foot scan; arch height; arch index repeatability; foot morphology; foot scan; arch height; arch index

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, T.-Y.; Kuo, C.-C.; Hung, L.-W.; Lee, W.-C.; Lo, J.-H.; Lu, H.-L.; Lu, T.-W. Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104447

AMA Style

Chen T-Y, Kuo C-C, Hung L-W, Lee W-C, Lo J-H, Lu H-L, Lu T-W. Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(10):4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104447

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Tsan-Yang, Chien-Chung Kuo, Li-Wei Hung, Wei-Chun Lee, Jie-Hsing Lo, Hsuan-Lun Lu, and Tung-Wu Lu. 2021. "Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method" Applied Sciences 11, no. 10: 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104447

APA Style

Chen, T.-Y., Kuo, C.-C., Hung, L.-W., Lee, W.-C., Lo, J.-H., Lu, H.-L., & Lu, T.-W. (2021). Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104447

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