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Volume 10
Issue 22
10.3390/app10228081
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Review

Histopathology and Genetic Biomarkers of Choroidal Melanoma

by
Giuseppe Broggi
1,*,
Andrea Russo
2,
Michele Reibaldi
2,3,
Daniela Russo
4,
Silvia Varricchio
4,
Vincenza Bonfiglio
2,5,
Corrado Spatola
6,
Cristina Barbagallo
7,
Pietro Valerio Foti
8,
Teresio Avitabile
2,
Antonio Longo
2 and
Rosario Caltabiano
1
1
Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department “Gian Filippo Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
2
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
3
Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
4
Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
5
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
6
U.O.C. Radiodiagnostica e Radioterapia, AOU Policlinico-SM, 95123 Catania, Italy
7
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
8
Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “Gian Filippo Ingrassia”-Radiology Unit I. University hospital “Policlinico-San Marco” Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228081
Submission received: 14 October 2020 / Revised: 12 November 2020 / Accepted: 13 November 2020 / Published: 15 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocular Melanoma: Current Concepts)
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Abstract

Choroidal melanoma (CM), despite its rarity, is the most frequent intraocular malignancy. Over time, several histological variants of CM have been distinguished, including spindle A and B cell, fascicular, epithelioid and necrotic type. However, they have been progressively abandoned as having no prognostic value and currently, the American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) classification identifies three CM cell types: spindle, epithelioid and mixed cell type. Other rare histological variants of CM include: (i) diffuse melanoma; (ii) clear cell; and (iii) balloon cell melanoma. Immunohistochemically, CMs are stained with Human Melanoma Black 45 (HMB45) antigen, S-100 protein, Melan-A (also known as melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1/MART-1), melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, vimentin, and Sex determining region Y-Box 10 (SOX10). Several genetic and histopathological prognostic factors of CM have been reported in the literature, including epithelioid cell type, TNM staging, extraocular extension, monosomy 3 and 6p gain and loss of BAP-1 gene. The aim of this review was to summarize the histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic features of CM, establishing “the state of the art” and providing colleagues with practical tools to promptly deal with patients affected by this rare malignant neoplasm.
Keywords: choroidal melanoma; histopathology; biomarkers; prognostic factors; uveal melanoma choroidal melanoma; histopathology; biomarkers; prognostic factors; uveal melanoma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Broggi, G.; Russo, A.; Reibaldi, M.; Russo, D.; Varricchio, S.; Bonfiglio, V.; Spatola, C.; Barbagallo, C.; Foti, P.V.; Avitabile, T.; et al. Histopathology and Genetic Biomarkers of Choroidal Melanoma. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228081

AMA Style

Broggi G, Russo A, Reibaldi M, Russo D, Varricchio S, Bonfiglio V, Spatola C, Barbagallo C, Foti PV, Avitabile T, et al. Histopathology and Genetic Biomarkers of Choroidal Melanoma. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(22):8081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228081

Chicago/Turabian Style

Broggi, Giuseppe, Andrea Russo, Michele Reibaldi, Daniela Russo, Silvia Varricchio, Vincenza Bonfiglio, Corrado Spatola, Cristina Barbagallo, Pietro Valerio Foti, Teresio Avitabile, and et al. 2020. "Histopathology and Genetic Biomarkers of Choroidal Melanoma" Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 8081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228081

APA Style

Broggi, G., Russo, A., Reibaldi, M., Russo, D., Varricchio, S., Bonfiglio, V., Spatola, C., Barbagallo, C., Foti, P. V., Avitabile, T., Longo, A., & Caltabiano, R. (2020). Histopathology and Genetic Biomarkers of Choroidal Melanoma. Applied Sciences, 10(22), 8081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228081

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